Learning Chapter Six Midterm 2 Review Learning is a change in an organism s behavior or thought as a result of experience 1 2 Habituation is the process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli a Allows brain to focus on new important information 3 Repeated exposure leads to sensitization which is responding more strongly over time This is the opposite of habituation Most likely to occur with dangerous or irritating stimuli 4 We form associations among stimuli through conditioning 5 Principles of Classical Conditioning a Classical Conditioning is a form of learning in which animals respond to a previously neutral stimulus that is paired with another stimulus that gets an automatic response i Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that elicits an automatic response Meat Powder ii Unconditioned Response An automatic reflexive response salivation in Pavlov s dogs 1 Product of nature genetic not experience iii Conditioned Stimulus Previously neutral stimulus but once associated with UCS brings out a weaker conditioned response the metronome was brought out with meat powder iv Conditioned Response A weaker response that is comparable to the UCR a Acquisition when we gradually learn the CR The presentation of the CS with the UCS is usually between second for optimal learning Extinction Gradual decrease and elimination of CR Dogs stopped salivating when the metronome wasn t paired with the powder i However it is not fully forgotten just overwritten Spontaneous Recovery This is when the CR reappears usually in a weaker form when presented with CS again d Renewal Effect Reemergence of CR following extinction once an animal is returned to the environment in which the CR was acquired Stimulus Generalization CSs similar but NOT the same as original CS can bring out a CR Stimulus Discrimination when we exhibit a less pronounced CR to CSs that differ from the original CS Opposite to SG b c e f 6 Higher Order Conditioning is the process of developing CR to CSs that later become associated 7 with the original CS Weaker response obviously Latent inhibition refers the fact that since we often experience a CS alone it hard to condition it to another stimulus 8 Phobias are intense irrational fears which can be treated with pairing phobias with good things 9 10 Operant Conditioning is learning controlled by the consequences of the organism s behavior Often Fetishism is sexual attraction to nonliving things arises from classical conditioning known as instrumental conditioning Very reward based a Thorndike s Law of Effect states that behaviors that produce positive effects with be repeated and behaviors that produce negative effects will not The Skinner box recorded how much the animal pressed the bar to get its food Reinforcement means increasing behavior b c d Punishment means decreasing behavior i Teaches organism what not to do Increases anxiety Positive means adding a stimulus e f Negative means subtracting a stimulus 11 Discriminant Stimulus Any stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement 12 Extinction when we stop delivering reinforcers to a previously reinforced behavior a Extinction burst when the organism does the behavior a lot more to try and get the reward 13 Schedules of Reinforcement Pattern of delivering reinforcement a Continuous Reinforcement Reinforce every time b Partial Reinforcement Reinforce some of the time i Fixed Ratio Reinforcement after a regular number of responses ii Variable Ratio Reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average but the precise number of responses required varies randomly 1 Produce highest responding rates iii Fixed Interval Reinforcement after a specific amount of time 1 Scalloped shaped pattern because the animal waits after reward is given iv Variable Interval Reinforcement at intervals that vary randomly 14 Premack Principle A less frequently performed behavior can be paired in frequency by reinforcing it with 15 Shaping is when we reinforce behaviors that aren t the target behavior but are progressively close 16 Token Economies Secondary reinforcers tokens given to reinforce behavior can be traded in for primary a more frequently performed behavior versions of the target behavior reinforcers food toys disorders 17 Two process Theory We need classical and operant conditioning to explain the persistence of anxiety a When we run from scary dogs we get short term gain for long term pain The phobia never extinguishes because we confirm it every time we run b 18 Cognitive Learning a SOR psychology Stimulus Organism Response i The organism interprets the stimulus before producing the response 1 Response depends on what the stimulus means to the individual b Latent Learning learning that is not directly observable i Emphasizes the difference between competence what we know and performance showing what we know c Observational Learning Learning by watching others bobo doll 19 Media violence IS somewhat related to aggression 20 Mirror neurons are cells that become activated by specific motions that are performed or observed help us learn from others 21 Insight Learning a taste of food snakes The light bulb moment where we suddenly understand what is required to complete the task at hand 22 Conditioned Taste Aversions classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the a Requires only one trial delay can be 6 8 hours 23 Preparedness Evolutionary predisposition to fear certain stimuli more than others deep water heights Chapter Seven Memory 1 Memory is the retention of information over time a Memories can fail us in memory illusions which are false but compelling memories b When recalling memories we actively reconstruct memories using cues and info available i Field Memory see memory through our own visual field ii Observer Memory see ourselves as an outside observer 2 Three Systems of Memory differ in span and duration a Sensory Memory i Tied closely to the raw materials of our experiences first factory worker in assembly line ii Allows us to fill in the blanks and see the world as an unbroken stream of events one second long 1 Iconic Memory Visual sensory memory a Eidetic Imagery known as photographic memory Echoic Memory Auditory sensory memory five to ten seconds long 2 b Short Term Memory than twenty seconds i Second system retains memory for short periods of time duration usually no longer ii Known as the working memory because it refers to our ability to hold on to information we are currently