GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 13 TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS lecture 11 17 insight therapy awareness of internal motivations o unconscious conflicts cause problems o two types psychodynamic therapy general approach to the treatment that focuses on childhood events and encourages individuals to get insight to their psychological problems o understanding and awareness of unconscious conflicts six techniques o exploration of early experiences uncovering unconscious conflicts patient talks and psychologist listens o free association talking freely about a subject without censoring one s thoughts focus on important themes are issues that are relevant to gaining insight o dream analysis o interpretation o resistance o transference used to reveal unconscious conflicts symbols that reflect unconscious impulses looks into what types of defense mechanisms patient uses to find underlying unconscious conflict patient behaves in a way to avoid certain topics or issues patients that laugh or joke about certain conflicts could tell us about unconscious conflicts patient is asked to treat the therapist as someone else someone important in the patient s life gives insights to true feelings about that important person disadvantages of psychodynamic therapy more effective for things like anxiety disorders but ineffective for schizophrenia no more effective than other treatments minimizes patient responsibility neglects conscious motives and the present fairly expensive based on an untestable theory psychodynamic humanistic existential therapy two types client centered therapy o assumes all individuals have potential to grow o approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist o founded by Carl Rodgers self theory all have basic needs we need to meet in order to reach unconditional positive regard acceptance self concept and ideal self lead to incongruence ideal self want them to be self that one feels other people would o unconditioned positive regard accepting clients as they are but therapists cannot accept bad behaviors o congruence o empathy being real and genuine and accepting what is going on in their life listening empathetically to the client going over what the patient is talking about client will feel accepted by the therapist and will begin to value themselves again o criticisms of this theory may not be enough to bring long lasting change not enough focus on the present focuses on hard to define concepts most people do not get to self actualization o goal is to make client feel like they matter gestalt therapy o approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his her thoughts behaviors experiences and feelings to own or take responsibility for them founded by Fredrick Perls in the 1940s o become important parts of emotion focused treatments behavioral therapy behavior modification using learning principles to change overt behavior o three general procedures identifying the frequency of the problem behavior individually tailored treatment continual assessment of behavior change o does not interpret past events o more effective than insight therapy o issues treats symptoms not the underlying factors symptom substitution and behavior that is just as bad replace one bad behavior with another symptom depends on positive and negative reinforcement pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior o principles used very effectively operant conditioning token economy form of behavioral therapy in which clients can o receive tokens for desirable behaviors o exchange tokens for desired items or privileges extinction remove reinforcement for undesired behaviors punishment behavior present an aversive stimulus as a consequence for undesired ex time out positive punishment counterconditioning based on principles of classical conditioning replacing a maladaptive response with a more adaptive one learn to relax and imagine an increasingly anxiety systematic desensitization arousing stimulus even more effective with real life exposure aversive counterconditioning prompts inappropriate behavior pairs an unpleasant stimulus with a stimulus that a blend of cognitive insight theories and behavioral therapeutic cognitive activity affects behavior cognitive activity can be monitored behavior changes can be effected through cognitive changes cognitive behavioral therapy strategies o assumptions o goals integrates behavior and cognitive therapy use cognitive reconstructuring to modify faulty thought patterns o rational emotive therapy faulty and irrational thinking causes irrational behavior goal is to examine source of irrational beliefs created by Albert Ellis 1913 2007 o Beck s approach faulty and irrational thinking causes irrational behavior discover errors in thinking by using pointed questions to guide the client s discovery drugs and the therapeutic process are used to treat 2 3 of depressed people recover best with this method biological therapies o all of the drugs cannot permanently cure the issues o antianxiety drugs tranquilizers or anxiolytics benzodiazepines Xanax Librium Valium useful in treating general anxiety insomnia people can build a tolerance to drug o abrupt withdraw is life threatening tremors insomnia seizures most antianxiety drugs need therapy to accompany them alter levels of specific neurotransmitters in the brain o antidepressant drugs three types selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs o most frequently prescribed antidepressants o block reuptake of serotonin o prolongs action of serotonin at synapse o Prozac Zoloft Paxil tricyclics o blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine o imipramine Tofranil m amitriptyline Elavil o fatal if overdose on one of these monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs o inhibits MAO enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters norepinephrine serotonin and dopamine o can have serious side effects liver damage weight gain cheese effect that could lead to death very serious quick rise in blood pressure affects different enzymes found in foods beer other over the counter drugs o antimania drugs eg lithium carbonate used to treat bipolar disorder o antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophreniza tranquilizers used to treat positive symptoms and sometimes the negative several side effects long term use has serious problems o tardive dyskinesia disorder of central
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