GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY I EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE CHPT 7 pg 213 229 9 11 ISBN 978 1 4292 1821 4 11 6 Chapter Seven Intelligence 213 229 measurement of intelligence ratio vs deviation IQ intelligence tests Lewis Terman 1916 USA statistic obtain by diving mental age level by the person s physical age individual score divided by score of people in same age group o ratio IQ and multiply it by 100 avg IQ is 100 multiplied by 200 o deviation IQ now age alone does not increase IQ o today ratio IQ is used for children and deviation IQ for adults intelligence testing measures the ability to answer questions and perform tasks o different types of tests SBIS Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale looks at IQ mental age actual age multiplied by 100 good indicator of academic performance revisions of this test are still used today four major revisions since 1916 o original Stanford Binet was used to test children into schools now tests five factors o fluid reasoning o visual spatial reasoning o quantitative reasoning o knowledge o working memory ages 2 85 of subsets administered varies by age not the most popular intelligence test today WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale most popular individual assessment of IQ used today tests and separates verbal and performance skills tests intelligence more broadly than just academic intelligence WISC Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children WPPSI Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence five theories of intelligence intelligence to their circumstances and learn from experiences o intelligence is expressed in behavior hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking adapt five theories of intelligence o Spearman s Factor Theory based on factor analysis large number of correlations into a small number of underlying factors two factor theory of intelligence specific ability s affects specific and particular tasks student of William Wundt general ability g affects all tasks and o Thurstones Factor Theory based on factor analysis hypothesized there was no general factor but seven specific factors mental abilities eg word fluency verbal comprehension number space memory perceptual speed reasoning Gardner s multiple intelligences theory o Gardner s Theory defines intelligence as an ability to solve a problem or create a product within a specific cultural setting multiple types of intelligences and culture goes along with intelligence o varies the measurements so look at intelligence profile ability across different types of intelligence he specified ten different types of intelligence Gardner s multiple intelligences linguistic poets journalists logical mathematical scientists math musical composers pianists spatial navigator sculptor bodily kinesthetic dancers athletes interpersonal therapist salesperson intrapersonal introspective individuals naturalistic botanist chef spiritual religious leader existential philosopher allows for prodigies and savants o Sternberg s Intelligence Theory there are three dimensions of intelligence ability to solve problems in situations with application of one s experiences to the analytic intelligence one right answer like a math problem practical intelligence external world and everyday tasks o may become automatic with practice o harder to develop o more to do with everyday life creative intelligence about solutions in new ways being able to adapt ability to deal with novel situations and think o not included on most intelligence tests or theory o Sir Francis Galton s Theory biological theory of intelligence intelligence is inherited proof intelligence is adaptive table 9 3 o hemispheric specialization o some brains are more efficient use of neurons o twin studies biological theories are not sufficient enough Chapter Nine Emotion Motivation theories of emotion a stimulus triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system which James Lange Theory in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain purely physiological event o ex see a big bear specific physiological state experience of fear o criticisms of the James Lange Theory ANS autonomic nervous system reacts too slowly blushing takes 10 15 seconds and one generally feels embarrassed BEFORE the physical reaction of the stress Cannon Bard Theory 1927 difficulty in detecting changes non emotional stimuli limited number of ANS responses nervous system and emotional experience in the brain stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic o facial feedback hypothesis affected by the feedback our brain gets from facial muscles facial movements change the blood flow to the brain which increases decreases brain temperature between theories 2 3 our emotional state is frowning increases brain temperature smiling decreases brain temperature Schacter Singer Theory 1962 brain interprets and this interpretation leads to emotional experience stimulus triggers a general physiological arousal the o emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal o ex see a bear general physiological arousal experience of fear o experiment participants given epinephrine injection some patients told effects of the drug some told that they would feel no symptoms different confederates left in the room with participants confederates sometimes acted angry some acted happy mood of informed participants were not influenced by the confederate because of the drug mood of uninformed participants was influenced by confederate because they were told that there were no symptoms idea of thought into emotional experiences physiology of emotion roles of amygdala and LeDoux s two pathways limbic system o amygdala plays big role in production of emotion appraisal bilateral amygdala damage Downer 1961 evaluation of emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus if visual info does not reach amygdala then it will not be registered as something we should fear or not Joseph LeDoux 2000 o traced neural pathway of info about a stimulus two simultaneous pathways amygdala makes a rapid appraisal of a stimuli s goodness or badness pink route cortex makes a slow thorough comprehensive analysis of a stimulus green route thalamus cortex THEN amygdala deceptive expression and display rules intensification deintensification masking and neutralizing not displaying the emotion you are actually feeling or not feeling deceptive expression the emotion your face is displaying norms for the control of emotional expression exaggerating the expression of one s emotion muting the
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