GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 9 EMOTION 10 25 What is Emotion emotion experience associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity o could be subjective a physiological change change in heart rate tense muscle etc or what happens due to a source o could be described with a multidimensional scale multidimensional scaling o dimension of arousal o dimension of valence feeling active passive how positive or negative an experience is Three Theories of Emotion 1 James Lange Theory produces an emotional experience in the brain purely physiological event a stimulus triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system which in turn a b ex see a big bear specific physiological state experience of fear criticisms of the James Lange Theory i ANS autonomic nervous system reacts too slowly 1 blushing takes 10 15 seconds and one generally feels embarrassed BEFORE the physical reaction of the stress ii difficulty in detecting changes iii non emotional stimuli iv 2 Cannon Bard Theory 1927 limited number of ANS responses stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain facial feedback hypothesis the feedback our brain gets from facial muscles facial movements change the blood flow to the brain which increases decreases brain temperature between theories 2 3 our emotional state is affected by a i ii frowning increases brain temperature smiling decreases brain temperature 3 Schacter Singer Theory 1962 interprets and this interpretation leads to emotional experience stimulus triggers a general physiological arousal the brain a b c emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal ex see a bear general physiological arousal experience of fear experiment i participants given epinephrine injection ii some patients told effects of the drug some told that they would feel no symptoms iii different confederates left in the room with participants confederates sometimes acted angry some acted happy 1 2 iv mood of informed participants were not influenced by the confederate because of the drug v mood of uninformed participants was influenced by confederate because they were told that there were no symptoms idea of thought into emotional experiences vi Emotion and the Brain Physiology positive emotional has higher activity in the left hemisphere negative emotion has higher activity in the right hemisphere experiment o took out temporal lobe in monkeys temporal lobe ablation did not care about what food they ate could not distinguish between good or bad o ablation destroyed limbic system limbic system o amygdala plays big role in production of emotion appraisal bilateral amygdala damage Downer 1961 evaluation of emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus if visual info does not reach amygdala then it will not be registered as something we should fear or not temporal lobe syndrome 1936 aka Kluver Bucy syndrome Joseph LeDoux 2000 o traced neural pathway of info about a stimulus two simultaneous pathways amygdala makes a rapid appraisal of a stimuli s goodness or badness pink route cortex makes a slow thorough comprehensive analysis of a stimulus green route thalamus cortex THEN amygdala Emotion and the Brain Regulation emotional regulation using cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence emotion o typically to turn negative into positive emotions o thousands of strategies had been identified reappraisal of the emotion eliciting stimulus strategy that involves changing one s emotional experience by changing the meaning o changes whether we use our amygdala or cortex when taking in the stimulus Emotional Communication emotional expression any observable sign of an emotional state o evolutionary reasons for emotional expression o communication without language The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Charles Darwin universality hypothesis for everyone emotional expressions have the same meaning not displaying the emotion you are actually feeling or not feeling the deceptive expression emotion your face is displaying o display rules masking intensification deintensification neutralizing norms for the control of emotional expression exaggerating the expression of one s emotion muting the expression while feeling another expressing one emotion while feeling another feeling an expression but displaying no expression poker face o ways to tell one is lying being deceptive morphology symmetry expression certain facial muscles resist conscious control spontaneous expression are more symmetrical than deceptive spontaneous expressions last between 5 5 seconds deceptive duration expressions tend to be shorter or longer than that temporal patterning deceptive expressions tend to have more abrupt onsets and offsets spontaneous expressions appear and disappear smoothly 10 27 What is Motivation motivation particular time and place set of requirements and desires that lead one to behave in a particular way at a o purpose for a cause of an action o internal condition seen from external behaviors o psychology focuses on the why of behavior motives needs drives and incentives for positive rewards and avoid negative pain all people motivated to experience pleasure and avoid Hedonic principle Theories of Motivation drive theory motivated to act because of a need to attain maintain or reestablish a goal o drive state hungry thirst etc hunger primary drive to maintain homeostasis drive state motivate us to eat when we need fuel and nutrition not hungry when in homeostasis things that occur during hunger o ghrelin o distention full released in the stomach that tells us that we re hungry in the stomach tells us to stop eating and that we re o liver monitors glucose levels used for energy and glycogen starch stored as fatty acids excess glucose is stored as glycogen for later use o endocrine system insulin takes glucose to cells o small intestine releases hormone called cholecystokinin CCK o leptin o biological need for food water oxygen drive state o ultimate goal is homeostasis o behaviors that reduce biological needs are reinforced o the goal that satisfies a need is an incentive decrease tells us to eat increase tells us to stop eating obesity over eating and too much body fat o metabolic levels change o body fat is measured by body mass index BMI o set point model greatly modified body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared each individual has an ideal biological weight or set point cannot be bodies get
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