GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER FIVE MEMORY 9 27 Memory the ability to store retrieve info over time memory memory is a three part process encoding small bits of info turned into a memory 1 transform what we perceive into a memory types of encoding three types process in which we transform what we think feel etc into memory traces o elaborative relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory can be simply giving meaning to info relating it to something that is already known associated with activity in the lower left frontal lobe more activity in the frontal lobe we are more likely to remember something so this is the best way levels of processing semantic judgments rhyme judgments visual judgments o visual imagery encoding sorting new info into mental pictures Wollen Weber Lowry 1972 piano and cigar Paivio 1969 concrete v abstract word lists work because of two mental placeholders visual and verbal categorizing info in order to help remember it o organizational encoding 2 storage three major divisions process of maintaining bits of info memory traces over time place in which sensory info is kept for a few sensory memory store seconds or less iconic memory visual echoic memory auditory 1 2 short term working memory STM sensory memory store by paying attention place where non sensory info is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute memory is transferred here from George Miller 1956 did experiments on how much info we can store in our short term memory found that we can keep 7 2 small pieces of info in our short term memory tricks for STM chunking clusters in STM rehearsal keeping info in STM by mentally repeating it combining small pieces of info into larger o maintenance rehearsal repeating o elaborative rehearsal use of devices active maintenance of info in STM moves working memory parallel memory info into and out of LTM o not just memory store but includes operations and processes we use to work with info in STM serial position experiments used to prove short term memory o primacy effect words at beginning of list better recalled o recency effect words at end of list better recalled 3 retrieval our memory Multiple Forms of Memory 3 long term storage or years no known capacity for long term storage place where info can be kept for hours days weeks inability to transfer new info from STM to anterograde amnesia LTM no memory for anything learned acquired no memory forward retrograde amnesia particular date usually the date of injury or operation no memory backward inability to retrieve info acquired before a H M famous case study and amnesia pg 135 hippocampus removed to prevent seizures difficulty forming new long term memories retrograde STM remained intact hippocampus important with memory location enhanced neural processing that results from the long term potential LTP strengthening of synaptic connections use of glutamate binding to receptors to make memory better process of bringing to mind info that has been previously encoded and stored in retrieval cues bring it to mind helps with retrieval external info that is associated with stored information and helps retrieval cue serves as an effective o encoding specificity principle reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which the info was initially encoded during encoding and retrieval external rooms and environment internal chemicals ex drunk or sober o transfer appropriate processing o state dependent learning info better recalled when in the same state encoding match retrieval o episodic memory collection of past personal experiences that occurred at act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences explicit memory how two types a particular time and place memory for an episode linked to time and place experienced them retrieval means reliving that our general knowledge of the world cannot be relived facts and concepts that make up the general world network of associated facts and concepts that make up o semantic memory influence of past experiences on later behavior and implicit memory performance even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them what o procedural memory knowing how to do things ex riding a bike driving sports instruments gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or o priming H M Tower of Hanoi retrograde amnesia he can do this so we know that procedural memory does NOT use the hippocampus enhanced ability to think of a stimulus such as a word or object as a result of recent exposure to that stimulus occipital and temporal lobe Forgetting sins of omission o transience forgetting what occurs with the passage of time Hermann Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables forgetting curve shows that memories don t fade at a constant rate as time passes retroactive interference information that was acquired earlier ex what you did on each day of the week proactive interference information acquired later ex where did you park your car situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for situations in which later learning impairs memory for o absentmindedness lapse in attention that results in memory failure results from divided attention prospective memory remembering to do things in the future cues reminders o blocking failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it stored info is temporarily inaccessible tip of the tongue occurs due to brain damage to the left temporal lobe perhaps because of a stroke use it or lose it connections to the information is not as strong crossed signals can picture it but not describe sins of commission o memory misattribution assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source primary feeling of familiarity about something that hasn t been cause of eyewitness misidentifications false recognition encountered before into personal recollections o suggestibility the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources false memories of small details or entire episodes o bias the distorting influences of present knowledge believes and feelings on recollection of previous experiences three types of bias consistency bias change bias egocentric bias altering the past to fit the present exaggerating differences between past and present distorting the past to make us look better o persistence intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget result of enhanced memories for emotionally charged events which
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