Lecture Guide Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders General Psychology F09 Introduction to the disorders 1 Useful to think of psychological disorders as diseases called the medical model 2 Some valid criticisms BUT still seems to be the best we have and does lead to many successful treatments 3 Before use of medical model severe disorders were seen as demon possession and victims were subjected to torture and often death before 19th 20th century Medical model has encouraged more humane treatment In addition medications for the most severe disorders have allowed many to live outside of institutions and have improved the lives of countless others 4 What criteria are used to determine whether a disorder is present What is normal What is healthy What are the criteria for a disorder 1 Deviance does behavior deviate from accepted expected social norms Fetishes sexual arousal to an inanimate object Harming self or others 2 Maladaptive behavior everyday functioning impaired social emotional occupational personal Substance abuse vs substance use ADHD 3 Personal distress based on a person s report of internal experience Do you need all three NO Just one but many disorders fit more than one Vocabulary Diagnosis assign a label to a cluster of symptoms distinguish one disorder from another The Truth about Real Life Diagnosis textbooks make it look simple if you re sad depressed nervous anxiety delusional schizophrenic abusing alcohol substance abuse But in reality disorders often overlap Classics do exist Lots of overlapping symptoms and differential diagnosis s can be very difficult easier to see that something is wrong with a person than to diagnose them even with psychotic symptoms Many symptoms just extremes of common feelings or behaviors but how much is too much Many qualify for multiple disorders especially over time Pros and Cons of Psychological Diagnosis similar to IQ Advantages Communication efficiency Access to services insurance and schools Different treatment plans Improved research for improvements Disadvantages Stereotypes self fulfill prophecy prejudice discrimination Decreased appreciation of individuality out group homogeneity 1 Diagnosis DSM IV TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition text revision Published by the American Psychiatric Association 2000 A manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms Standardized accepted disorder system in the U S for mental disorders More than 250 disorders Everyone uses the same criteria if they have 10 or more of these symptoms classify them with this disorder Sample of the DSM IV diagnostic categories and the diagnoses they contain see also figure 14 2 Disorders usually present in childhood Delirium dementia amnesia and other cog disorders Substance Related disorders Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Somatoform disorders Factitious disorders Dissociative disorders ADHD oppositional defiant disorder and mental retardation Alzheimer s Parkinson s Alcoholism drug addictions Schizophrenia delusional disorder paranoid psychosis Major depression dysthymia mania bipolar disorder Panic Disorder OCD phobias generalized anxiety PTSD Hypochondriasis conversion disorder Pathological lying Munchausen syndrome Dissociative identity disorder MPD amnesia And more sexual and gender identity disorders eating disorders sleeping disorders impulse control disorders etc Intern Syndrome psychology student syndrome thinking that you have what you read about Etiology cause and development of the disorder Why is this important Same symptoms but different reasons may need different treatment Current Beliefs Bio psycho social model disorders physical and psychological are multi determined need to look for the biological the psychological and the social contributors to best understand and treat them Prognosis probable course of the disorder How long do you expect the disorder to last If it goes away might it come back What moderators might shorten lengthen the disorder Prevalence how common the disorder is Percent of population that exhibits a disorder over a certain time period annually during a lifetime Any given year 22 of adults qualify for at least one 1 5 or 44 million adults Lifetime rates 30 45 qualify Most common disorders Anxiety depression substance abuse alcohol Anxiety Disorders main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness Can be general or focused As a group anxiety disorders are the most commonly diagnosed Note there are cognitive emotional and physical symptoms to anxiety this is true in depression too 2 Phobia an irrational persistent fear of an object situation or social activity avoidance The most commonly given anxiety disorder diagnosis Specific Phobia irrational persistent fear of objects or specific situations Claustrophobia fear of being in a small enclosed space Acrophobia fear of heights Glossophobia fear of public speaking Pyrophobia fear of fire Social Phobia social anxiety disorder fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation Specific phobia more common but not necessarily as disruptive Treatment of anxiety disorders often successful even without medication Two techniques flooding and systematic desensitization Panic Disorder when panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause difficulty to adjusting to daily life 2 3 are women Panic Attack sudden intense dread an anxiety with multiple physical symptoms often think dear dying sweating racing heart chest pain shortness of breath dizziness nausea hot flashes chills trembling After first attack may develop 1 Fear of fear fear of another attack 2 Agoraphobia fear of leaving familiar place home because might have a panic attack in public Is it possible to have agoraphobia without panic attacks Yes About 25 with the phobia do not have concurrent attacks Treatment often without medication relaxation persistence Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD obsessions create anxiety that is relieved temporarily by performing compulsions Obsessions intruding recurrent thoughts impulses images Ex fear of contamination germs did I Compulsions repetitive ritualistic behaviors reinforcing because it does decrease anxiety temporarily Often obsessive and compulsive behaviors go together Most common compulsions Washing checking need for symmetry Symptoms can fluctuate in severity over time Treatment medications exposure and response prevention cognitive
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