Lecture Guide Chapter 6 Memory Based on the text Psychology Ciccarelli and White 2009 Gen Psych Sciartelli F09 Memory an active mental system ability that allows us to put away information for later use Processes steps of Memory Receive from the senses Encoding put into memory for short or long time use Storage hold onto memory Retrieval get out certain memory Models of Memory Information processing model assumes processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory series of three stages above Levels of processing model model that assumes information that is more deeply processed or processed according to its meaning will be remembered more efficiently and longer Other models exist too Which is right Both All are useful and help us to understand None are perfect Information Processing Model 3 stages KNOW THE MODEL SLIDE 6 1 1 Sensory memory very first stage of memory the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems If you don t do something to retain sensory information to memory it is lost within a second 2 Short term memory STM working memory memory system where information is held for brief periods while being used Selective attention ability to focus on one stimulus from among all sensory input moves information from sensory memory to STM How big is STM Capacity of STM about 7 items two items 5 9 The Magic Seven Chunking bits of information are combined into meaningful units or chunks so that more information can be held in STM Ex area code exchange extension How long does it last Duration of STM about 12 30 seconds without rehearsal 1 Maintenance rehearsal practice of saying information over and over in head to maintain it in STM STM S tend to be encoded in auditory form STM is susceptible to interference ex if counting is interrupted have to start over 3 Long term memory LTM memory system used to keep information permanently Elaborative rehearsal vs maintenance get information from STM into LTM by making the information meaningful Most efficient way to retain information Two Types of LTM Useful to dividing memories people can have trouble with declarative memory but still do fine with procedural memory Procedural non declarative memory implicit Skills things people know how to do Also motor skills emotional associations habits and simple conditioned reflexes that may or may not be in conscious awareness Implicit memory memory not easily brought into conscious awareness Anterograde amnesia loss of memory from a point in time forward the inability to form new long term declarative memories usually does NOT affect procedural LTM Can t remember learning new skills but can do them Declarative memory explicit type of LTM containing information that is conscious and known memory of facts All the things that people know Explicit memory memory that is consciously known Two types of declarative memory Semantic memory contains general knowledge that most people know such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education Episodic memory contains personal information not readily available to others such as daily activities and events Cues to Help Remember Retrieval cue a stimulus for remembering Encoding specificity tendency for memory to be better if related information that was available when the memory was formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved Surroundings or physio state State dependent learning memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to recall while in a similar state Manipulate mood ask you to learn something when you come back if in the same mood you will remember the information you learned better Ex when you re fighting with someone you remember all the things you don t like about them and it s harder to remember the reason why you like them in the first place 2 Two types of Remembering Recall and Recognition Recall type of retrieval in which you pull information from memory with very few external cues Retrieval failure recall has failed at least temporarily Ex drawing a blank tip of the tongue phenomenon Serial position effect we remember the beginning and the end better than the middle Primacy effect tendency to remember information at the beginning better Recency effect tendency to remember information at the end better Recognition match a piece of information to a stored image fact False positive error of recognition people think they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory Eyewitness Testimony not always reliable Elizabeth Loftus study What you see and hear after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of the memories of the event In eyewitness testimony recall is usually more accurate than recognition Automatic Encoding and Flashbulb Memories Automatic encoding tendency of certain kinds of info to enter LTM with little or no effort Flashbulb memories type of automatic encoding occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations Like a snapshot remember your surroundings ex 9 11 Accuracy of flashbulb memories Just as vulnerable to distortion alteration and decay over time How LTM s Are Retrieved implications for accuracy Constructive processing referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered revised or influenced by new information Store general information and when trying to remember we fill in the gaps Memory Retrieval Problems Misinformation effect tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself Ex heard on media thought it was a priest and in line up chose the priest student protest movie eight students ask audience questions like shirt color of leader of 6 leader of 12 and upon return audience remembers either 6 or 12 protestors not eight False memory syndrome creation of inaccurate memories or false memories through suggestion of others often while the person is under hypnosis Hypnosis allows people to remember better but they remember both real event and false events 3 How are they different Misinformation is just trying to fill in the gaps but remember the distortion False memory is when people really believe something happened and create memories of it even though it isn t real Is it possible to create false memories Yes Is it possible to repress real memories Yes Best evidence here war Curve of forgetting a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the
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