Morphology: IntroductionMental LexiconMental dictionary with the knowledge speakers have about words and their formationsMorphologyStudy of the competence stored in the mental lexiconMorphological CompetenceReadily recognize beginnings and ends of wordsProductively form new words in a rule-governed mannerApply the principles pf Phonology in the production of wordsFree & Bound MorphemesMorphemeMinimally meaningful units used to make words / smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning Example: antiredisctrictingAnti – againstRe – againDistrict – division of areaIng – act of doingFree MorphemeExample: districtCan stand alone as a wordNumber of syllables in a word has no bearing Possible to have two free morphemes in a wordExample: girlfriend, leftoverBound MorphemesCannot stand alone as words / must be attached to another morphemeExamples: anti, re, ingSimple WordsComprised of a single free morphemeComplex WordsWords that can be broken down into several meaningful unitsMorphological StructureSome free & bound morphemes are easy to identify due to spellingExample: Catcher & UntieDon’t base morpheme identification on spellingE can be dropped – cycle/cyclist & reactive/reactivateSome bound forms are only meaningful when combined with a free formCran – cranberryHuckle – huckleberryCran & Huckle used to be free forms but are now archaicSimilarly the morphemes that make up the word “inept” can’t be accessed-ept used to be a free form but is now obsoleteInane in one free form, the “in” is not a separate morpheme, it is derived from the Latin word inaTwo Main Points about Intuition & MorphologicalThe structure of words is accessible to native speakers because of their morphological competence.The structure of words is sometimes inaccessible to native speakers because of historical evolution.Morphological Processes: Creating Complex Formshow native speakers productively form complex words that utilize information stored in their mental lexicon to produce words used in everyday communication and new words based on certain rules.This is accomplished by the following morphological processesAffixationCompoundingReduplicationAffixationAffixes / bound morphemes that attach to rootsSome only attach to certain wordsRe- works for redo, rewind, reinvent, doesn’t work for others like re-love or re-jumpAffix Practice Sample: Bound Root dicte+dict = edictpre+dict = predictpre+dict+tion = predictiondict+tion = dictiondict+tion+ary = dictionarydict+ate = dictatedict+ate+er = dictatordict+ate+tion = dictationAffixation / affixProcess of adding affixes to free morphemesTypes of Affixation: Prefixes / Prefixation – addition of a bound morpheme to the beginning of a freeformSuffixes / Suffixation – addition of a bound morpheme to the end of a free formInfixes / Infixation – insertion of a morpheme to the middle of a free formCircumfixes / Circumfixation – attaching morpheme to the beginning and end of a free form**Bound Forms can also be Roots or Stems**RootSimple bound formBelongs to a lexical categoryNoun VerbAdjectiveAdverbMust be combined with an affix to become a free formStemComplex bound formMust be combined with one or more affixes to become a free formOccurs when root+affix does not result in a free form**The distinction between roots, stems, and words is irrelevant in English****Typically, affixes are the only bound forms in English**Prefixation & SuffixationPrefixes – attach to the front of a free morphemeSuffixes – attach to the end of a free morphemeWords in English can have prefixes AND suffixes. Examples: un-common-ly, anti-dis-establish-ment, un-immagin-ableWords in English can also have multiple suffixesExamples: possess-ive-ness, develop-ment-alThough rare, multiple prefixes are also foundExamples: re-re-invest, anti-dis-establishInfixation & CircumfixationInfixesInserted within a free morphemeOnly infixes in English are expletivesExample: friggin, frickin, freakin, flippinBritish English Example: bloody, bloominPlacement depends on phonological structure and not on morpheme boundariesPlaced in front of the syllable that receives primary or secondary stress**Non- infix expletives are inserted AT morpheme boundaries****Examples: unbelievable;/un-frickin'-believ-able or;overprotective;/over-friggin'-protect-ive**Circumfixes / Discontinuous morphemesBound morphemes that have two partsOne attaches to the initial part of a morphemeThe other attaches to the end of the same morphemeLess common of the four types of affixesChickasaw examples:CompoundingPutting words together: bedroom, cupcake, ice-creamOne of the most common word processesFormed by combining one free morpheme with anotherIn English, generally, the part of the newly formed word is the same as the last morphemeSpelling conventions are idiosyncraticSome are Closed FormsExamples: keyboard, scarecrow, notebook, softballSome are HyphenatedExamples: six-pack, cross-town, mother-in-law, chain-smokerSome are Open (occur with a space between components)Examples: attorney general, post office, high chair, snail mailStress PatternsCompounds are different than non-compoundsIn neutral context, primary stress is on the first word, secondary on the second wordForming CompoundsCan be made by combining more than two free formsExample: Dutch Compound - Paternosterbolletjesfabrikantenschoonzoon;'son-in-law of manufacturers of rosary beads'Compound ReviewCreated by combining free morphemesIn EnglishLexical category of compound is usually the same as last morphemePrimary stress is on first stemCan be composed of more than two morphemesReduplicationRepeating / Rhyming: goody-goody, itty-bitty, frou-frouHighly productive word formation process demonstrating how languages encode experience into wordsPartial ReduplicationRepeating part of a wordEnglish Examples:Total ReduplicationRepeating all of a wordEnglish Example: “That was a definite no-no.” (implication of small mistake)Duplicated part usually occurs within or next to morpheme of originationFunctions of ReduplicationIndicate the number of entitiesIndicate the size of a nounIndicate the number of times an action occursIndicate intensity with which an action is performed or the intensity of a stateIndicate the number of entities involved in an actionIndicate the existence of a state or action in more than one place**Affixation, compounding, and reduplication are word formation processes speakers use to creatively derivewords from existing forms in their