Exam 3 Review Sheet authority control etc Sovereignty supreme power or authority supremacy domination the authority of a state to govern itself or another state self government self rule self determination a self governing state The quality of having an independent authority over a geographic area such as territory It can be found in a power to rule and make laws that rests on a political fact for which no pure legal definitions can be provided The whole idea of Sovereignty came from the ideas of Socrates as well as Thomas Hobbes who both exercised their theories regularly The concept of sovereignty has been discussed throughout history from the time before recorded history through to the present day It has changed in its definition concept and application throughout especially during the Age of Enlightenment The current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory population authority and recognition According to Stephen D Krasner the term could also be understood in four different ways Domestic sovereignty actual control over a state exercised by an authority organized within this state Interdependence sovereignty actual control of movement across state s borders assuming the borders exist International legal sovereignty formal recognition by other sovereign states Westphalian sovereignty lack of other authority over state than the domestic authority examples of such other authorities could be a non domestic church a non domestic political organization or any other external agent International Anarchy the concept that the world systems is leaderless there is no universal sovereign or worldwide government there is no hierarchically superior coercive power that can resolve disputes enforce law or order the system like there is in domestic politics in International Relations anarchy is widely accepted as the starting point for international relations theory While some political scientists use the term anarchy to signify a world in chaos in disorder or in conflict others view it simply as a reflection of the order of the international system independent states with no central authority above them The concept of anarchy is the foundation for realist liberal neorealist and neoliberal international relations theories Constructivist theory disputes that anarchy is a fundamental condition of the international system Alexander Wendt the most influential modern constructivist thinker is often quoted for writing Anarchy is what states make of it That is to say anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of IR theory envision it but rather it is a construct of the states in the system Polarity the property of having poles or being polar the relative orientation of roles the direction of a magnetic or electric field the state of having two opposite or contradictory tendencies opinions or aspects difference separation contradiction dichotomy Grammatical polarity the distinction of affirmative and negative Polarity in international relations a description of the distribution of power within the international system Polarity item the sensitiveness of some expression to negative or affirmative contexts linguistics Deterrence the use of punishment as a threat to deter people from offending two key concepts of deterrence o specific punishments imposed on offenders will deter or prevent them from committing further crimes o that the fear of punishment will prevent others from committing similar crimes underlines criminal justice system of deterrence Deterrence Theory increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons A strategy intended to dissuade an adversary from taking an action not yet started or to prevent then from doing something that another state desires o Credible nuclear deterrent Bernard Brodie wrote in 1959 must be always at the ready yet never used In Thomas Schelling s 1966 classic work on deterrence the concept that military strategy can no longer be defined as the science of military victory is presented Instead it is argued that military strategy was now equally if not more the art of coercion of intimidation and deterrence Schelling says the capacity to hurt another state is now used as a motivating factor for other states to avoid it and influence another state s behavior To be coercive or deter another state violence must be anticipated and avoidable by accommodation It can therefore be summarized that the use of the power to hurt as bargaining power is the foundation of deterrence theory and is most successful when it is held in reserve Capability power or ability capacity power potential the extent of someone s or something s ability a facility on a computer for performing a specified task The ability to perform or achieve certain actions or outcomes through a set of controllable and measurable faculties features functions processes or services It is a component within the theories of Capability based security and Capability based addressing in computing Capability approach in welfare economics Capability management in the defense sector Capability systems engineering used in the defense industry but also in private industry e g Gap analysis Capability Brown an English landscape artist Credibility refers to the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message Traditionally modern credibility has two key components trustworthiness and expertise which both have objective and subjective components o Trustworthiness is based more on subjective factors but can include objective measurements such as established reliability Expertise can be similarly subjectively perceived but also includes relatively objective characteristics of the source or message e g credentials certification or information quality secondary components of credibility include source dynamism charisma and physical attractiveness Scientific Credibility has been defined as the extent to which science in general is recognized as a source of reliable information about the world The term has also been applied more narrowly as an assessment of the credibility of the work of an individual scientist or a field of research o Here the phrase refers to how closely the work in question adheres to scientific principles such as the scientific method The method most commonly used to assess the quality of science is peer review and then publication as part of the