Jaymie Ticknor Intro Sociology 1510 Sect 900 19 November 2013 Chapter 14 Education and Health Care Schooling and Society Theories of Education Schooling formal institutionalized aspect of education Four types of schooling public private parochial and home schooling The Rise of Education in the United States The Functionalist View of Education Socialization brought about as the cultural heritage is passed on from one generation to the next Occupational Training another function of education job training Social Control regulation of deviant behavior Latent Functions indirect subtle consequences that emerge from the activities of institutions Education in society fulfills certain societal needs for socialization and training sorts people in society according to their abilities Schools inculcate values needed by the society Social change means that schools take on functions that other institutions such as the family originally fulfilled The Conflict View of Education Credentialism educational level can be a tool for discrimination by using this mechanism insistence upon educational credentials for their own sake even if the credentials bear little relationship to the intended job Education in society reflects other inequities in society including race class and gender inequality and perpetuates such inequalities by tracking practices for example Schools are hierarchical institutions reflecting conflict and power relations in society Social change threatens to put some groups at continuing disadvantage in the quality of education The Symbolic Interaction View of Education Teacher Expectancy Effect expectations a teacher has for a student can actually create the very behavior in question Education in society emerges depending on the character of social interaction between groups in schools Schools are sites where social interaction between groups such as teachers and students influences chances for individual and group success Social change can be positive as people develop new perceptions of formerly stereotyped groups Does Schooling Matter Effects of Education on Occupation and Income One way that sociologists measure a person s social class or socioeconomic status SES is to determine the person s amount of school income and type of occupation indicators of SES Social class origin is more important than education in determining occupation and income Education Social Class and Mobility Seen Globally Within a certain range people can guess someone s likely SAT score from knowing only the income and social class of his her parents Education and Inequality Cognitive Ability and Its Measurements Cognitive Ability capacity for abstract thinking Standardized Ability Tests measuring intelligence by the SAT or IQ tests that are intended to Achievement Tests intended to measure what has actually been learned in addition to ability or measure ability or potential potential Predictive Validity extent to which the tests accurately predict later college grades Genetics and Intelligence The Bell Curve Debate In general the more separated the identical twins were the less similar they were in intelligence Genetically based Cognitive Elite those with high IQs high incomes and prestigious jobs Tracking also called ability grouping separating of students according to some measure of Tracking and Labeling Effects cognitive ability Detracking based on the belief that combining students of varying cognitive abilities benefits the students more than tracking especially by the time students get to junior high and high school Teacher Expectancy Effect Self Fulfilling Prophecy merely applying a label has the effect of justifying the label this affects performance Girls and boys start out in school roughly equal in skills and confidence Stereotype Threat Effect start out equal when told same thing but then add a stereotype Stereotype Threat Health Care in the United States The Emergence of Modern Medicine Germ Theory the idea that many illnesses were caused by microscopic organisms or germs Health Diversity and Social Inequality Prominent problem areas in the U S health care system include unequal distribution of health care by race ethnicity social class or gender health care is more readily available and more readily delivered to White or middle class individuals in urban and suburban areas than to minorities Unequal distribution of health care by region many in the U S die because they live too far away from a doctor hospital or emergency room Inadequate health education of inner city and rural parents do not understand the importance of immunizing their children against smallpox tuberculosis and other illnesses often suspicious of immunization programs hesitancy is reinforced by the depersonalized and inadequate health care ghetto residents often encounter when care is available at all Race and Health Care Epidemiology study of all the biological social economic and cultural factors associated with disease in society Social Epidemiology study of the effects of social cultural temporal and regional factors in disease and health AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs Four major STDs are syphilis gonorrhea genital herpes and AIDS Lymphogranuloma Venereum LGV untreated then it devastates the body with open sores Stigma occurs when an individual is socially devalued because of some malady illness misfortune or similar attribute The Functionalist View of Health Care Central point the healthcare system has certain functions both positive and negative Fundamental problem uncovered the health care system produces some negative functions policy implications policy should decrease negative functions of health care system for minority groups the poor and women The Conflict Theory View of Health Care Central point health care reflects the inequalities in society fundamental problem uncovered excessive bureaucratization of the health care system and privatization lead to excess cost policy implications policy should improve access to health care for minority racial ethnic groups the poor and women Symbolic Interactionism and Health Care Central point illness is partly socially constructed fundamental problem uncovered patients are patronized and infantilized policy implications doctors nurses and other medical personnel should periodically take the sick role of the patient as an instructional device Infantilization treat patients like children even if adult The Health Care Crisis in the United States The Cost of