The Industrial Revolution 1750 1850 Rena Levin History 102 Notes 7 17 OUTLINE I Preconditions for Industrialization A England B Delay throughout Continent II Social Economic Effects A Urbanization B Response PART I Preconditions England England o Reliant on wood for heat cooking etc but supply depleting due to deforestation New source of fuel coal Found in subterranean units Not easily extractable Dangerous to excavate Methods of coal mining Ancient Egypt Heron of Alexandria invents steam engine 1702 England Thomas Newcomen invents steam pump 1769 James Watt improves steam engine US Oliver Evans invents oruktor amphiboles 1807 Robert Fulton copies Evans idea but has to market it o Makes use of rivers Position factories by rivers to keep water wheels moving Factory storage for large mechanical equipment employs wage labor in the form of women and children Allows boats to travel and therefore trade becomes year round Artificial wind making trade no longer seasonal Railroad trains 1825 Stockton Darlington Line used to connect market lines The Rocket Stevenson carries heavier packages and goes over all terrain o Commercialization of Agriculture New machines doing work for people leaving workers unemployed Unemployment leads to specialization leading to more food production longevity reproduction Influx of crops New techniques in farming cotton gin reaper etc o Money more available Banks issue credit to those who want to invest in this new technology Banks issue insurance for ships with cargo engaged in long distance trade England encourages pursuit of wealth takes advantage of its resources England rewards innovation and inventions Well integrated domestic market without internal tolls and tariffs Competition among vendors consumers buy cheapest product if it s same quality o Transportation system constantly improving o Politically stable environment encourages differing and innovative intellectual talk o Marines enable safer travel no piracy o Mobile young work force Advantages Youth vigor Youth have disposable income and spend more easily Disadvantages Employment uncertain bc it s become an employee s market there is always someone willing to work for less Income inequality gap between rich and poor leads to social problems Delay throughout rest of Europe o Lack of raw materials coal o Poor transportation system railroads o Underdevelopment of European banks unable to disperse readily accessible capital o Feudal restrictions remain in Central and Eastern Europe keeps agricultural industry alive o Unstable political gov arena PART II Effects Economic effects o Iron Law of Wages Ricardo any employee will have the same purchasing power his whole life bc prices will always rise negating any potential disposable income o Food becomes abundant bc prices drop if people spend less money on food they spend more money on non essentials Social effects o Hurts agriculture industry Agriculture seasonal VS Rural Industry governed by time o Factory Act of 1833 forbids children under age of 9 to work in mills o Foreman hired to supervise unsympathetic bc he knows what it s like to work o Psychological effects Change seen as threatening to those creatures of habit Working conditions dangerous monotonous no gov intervention no safety regulations no compensation for sick days injuries etc Labor dehumanizing Small farm village life reciprocity sociability low crime rates VS City life anonymity population density independence survival of fittest high crime rates stress of living conditions sudden employment taverns contribute to unity and camaraderie o Urbanization by 1850 over half the population moves from rural country to urban cities Urbanization effects Living conditions repulsive Amoebic dysentery Cholera The Blue Terror Deployment of Clay Lined Iron Pipes sewage network Originally used to provide wealthy with better tasting water Separated sewage pipe from drinking water pipes Buildings erected to house people moving from rural to urban Built hastily and not well resulting in fires