5 2 2014 PSYC 2101 Notes Microsoft OneNote Web App Interpersonal Communication Ch 8 Sunday March 23 2014 7 45 PM Process of Interpersonal Communication Communication process of sending and receiving messages that have meaning sender receiver message Interpersonal Communication interactional process in which a person sends a message to someone else Selective communication targets specific individuals Systemic norms culture situation context impact Process e g series of actions Interaction bi directional members send and receive info Unique different patterns develop within relationships Ex prof friend makes alien noises but she sees it as normal communication Nonverbal Communication Transmission of meaning from one person to another through means or symbols other than words General principles Conveys emotions without https onedrive live com edit aspx resid 7AF35F2B369F2BE4 1552 cid 7af35f2b369f2be4 app OneNote wdo 2 1 11 5 2 2014 PSYC 2101 Notes Microsoft OneNote Web App words Facial expressions and body posture Multichanneled Ambiguous Body language can be difficult to interpret May contradict verbal messages read between the lines Is culture bound Elements of Nonverbal Communication KNOW ALL FOR EXAM Personal Space Facial Expression Eye Contact Body Language Gestures Touch Paralanguage NVBL Communication Facial Expression Convey basic emotions Ekman s studies show that anger disgust fear happiness sadness and surprise are recognized by people around the world Other expressions are more varied across cultures ex contempt Observers best at recognizing emotions in own cultural group https onedrive live com edit aspx resid 7AF35F2B369F2BE4 1552 cid 7af35f2b369f2be4 app OneNote wdo 2 2 11 5 2 2014 PSYC 2101 Notes Microsoft OneNote Web App Display Rules Govern the appropriate display of emotions in a culture Males are better at it than females Touch Conveys a variety of meanings Status support consolation power In the US people of higher status have more freedom to touch people of lower status than vice versa Can increase compliance with requests Interpretations dependent upon age gender setting and relationship Gender differences Women use touch to convey closeness intimacy Female pairs touch more often Men use as a way to demonstrate power or to control in social situations Age differences Younger men touched women more Older women touched men more Paralanguage Involves vocal cues other than the content of a message How something is said rather https onedrive live com edit aspx resid 7AF35F2B369F2BE4 1552 cid 7af35f2b369f2be4 app OneNote wdo 2 3 11 5 2 2014 PSYC 2101 Notes Microsoft OneNote Web App than what is said Cues speed of speech loudness variations in emphasis How something is said can change its meaning What did you do today Can communicate emotion Rapid happy or nervous Loud angry Slow and low volume sad Substitutes in email text as well e g capital letter emoticons Nonverbal Sensitivity Ability to accurately express and understand nonverbal cues Associated with social and academic competence relationship well being marriage satisfaction Women tend to be better at expressing and understanding encoding and decoding But this may stem from higher motivation Anyone can improve Self Disclosure The act of sharing information about yourself with another person How might this be important to adjustment Important in mental health Distorted thinking another https onedrive live com edit aspx resid 7AF35F2B369F2BE4 1552 cid 7af35f2b369f2be4 app OneNote wdo 2 4 11 5 2 2014 PSYC 2101 Notes Microsoft OneNote Web App perspective reduction in stress Leads to feelings of closeness Associated with relationship satisfaction Equity in self disclosures tend to benefit relationships more Disclosure across relationship development In the beginning high levels of mutual self disclosure take place Over time disclosure decreases responsiveness remains high Barriers to Effective Communication Defensiveness excessive concern with protecting oneself from being hurt Ambushing attempt to assail or harass the speaker which may draw out speaker defensiveness Motivational Distortion distorting what you re hearing by taking in what you want to hear instead of what is actually being said Confirmation Bias Self Preoccupation A type of self absorption where one doesn t let the other person participate Remarks are self serving to impress or preserve self Hog the conversation so listeners feel ignored https onedrive live com edit aspx resid 7AF35F2B369F2BE4 1552 cid 7af35f2b369f2be4 app OneNote wdo 2 5 11 5 2 2014 PSYC 2101 Notes Microsoft OneNote Web App Managing Conflict 1 Avoiding Withdrawing Ok for smaller problems Low concern for self and others 2 Accommodating Tendency to give in to others due to discomfort with conflict Low concern for self high concern for others 3 Competing Forcing Goal is to win employ whatever tactics are necessary for the other to submit Leads to resentment and hostility High concern for self low concern for others 4 Compromising Practical constructive approach to conflict Acknowledges needs of both parties Uses negotiation to get some satisfaction for both Moderate concern for self and other 5 Collaborating Different from compromising How Involves finding a solution that is maximally satisfying to both parties Most productive approach to conflict Usually produces climate of trust High concern for self and others https onedrive live com edit aspx resid 7AF35F2B369F2BE4 1552 cid 7af35f2b369f2be4 app OneNote wdo 2 6 11 5 2 2014 PSYC 2101 Notes Microsoft OneNote Web App Family of Origin affects what type of conflict resolution 4 Steps for Effective Listening 1 Signal your interest to the speaker via nonverbal cues Face speaker squarely lean toward them Try not to cross your arms legs Maintain eye contact 2 Hear the other person out before responding Don t interrupt 3 Engage in active listening Asking for clarification Paraphrasing what the person said No advice giving 4 Pay attention to the other s nonverbal cues These steps are generally used to achieve effective communication in the speaker listener technique Speaker Listener Technique Allows for effective communication when dealing with sensitive subjects Consists of taking turning while communicating and paraphrasing what the other person said The Rules 1 Take turns share the floor 2 No premature problem solving Hear each other out https onedrive live com edit aspx resid 7AF35F2B369F2BE4 1552 cid 7af35f2b369f2be4 app OneNote wdo 2