Ch 8 Lecture 1 Outline Childhood Children What is human development The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death What are some of the ways in which we study human development o Longitudinal studies tested at one year and tested the next Same group o Cross sectional designs ex Three year olds and ten year olds o Cross sequential designs What are the roles of nature nurture and genetics on development Behavioral genetics focuses on nature vs nurture Nature the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality physical growth intellectual growth and social interactions Nurture the influence of the environment on personality physical growth intellectual growth and social interactions Explain genes section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements o DNA special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism o Recessive referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene o Dominant referring to a gene that actively controls expression of a trait What are the developmental stages of a human from conception to birth What are twins and what are the types Monozygotic twins identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells each of which develops into a separate embryo Dizygotic twins often called fraternal twins occurs when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time What are the periods of pregnancy o Germinal first two weeks after fertilization zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining o Embryonic the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop Critical periods times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant Teratogens any factor that can cause a birth defect o Fetal the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child What reflexes do babies exhibit after birth Grasping reflex startle reflex Moro reflex rooting reflex turn toward you if you touch its cheek and open its mouth searching for the nipple or milk stepping reflex and sucking reflex What are the six motor milestones Raising head and chest 2 to 4 months rolling over 2 to 5 months sitting up with support 4 to 6 months sitting up without support 6 to 7 months crawling 7 to 8 months walking 8 to 18 months How well developed are the senses of a baby The senses except for vision are fairly well developed at birth What are the cognitive developmental stages of childhood according to Piaget 1 Sensorimotor stage uses the senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment Object permanence knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight 2 Preoperational Stage learn to use language as a means of exploring the world Egocentrism inability to see the world through anyone else s eyes Centration tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring all other features Conservation ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the objects nature Irreversibility inability to mentally reverse an action 3 Concrete operations stage capable of logical thought processes but not abstract thinking 4 Formal Operations become capable of abstract thinking What is Vygotsky s theory of development Stressed the importance of the child s interaction with objects Stressed importance of social interactions with others typically more highly skilled children and adults Scaffolding process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable What are the theories and stages of language development focus on environmental influences on language Child directed speech children attend to higher pitched repetitious sing song speech Receptive productive lag Stages cooing babbling one word speech What do we mean when we are discussing a child s temperament The behavior characteristics that are fairly well established at birth easy regular adaptable and happy difficult irregular non adaptable and irritable Slow to warm up What are the different types of attachment styles The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver Secure avoidant and ambivalent What do we mean when we talk about critical periods A phase in the life span during which one has a heightened sensitivity to stimuli which are necessary for the development of a particular skill if one is not exposed to the appropriate stimuli in this time period it may become very difficult to impossible to develop the function or skill later in life Adolescence What is adolescence From about age 13 to early twenties during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet independent self supporting child o Puberty The phsycial changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak period of about 4 years Adulthood What are Erikson s stages of development Specifically what are the stages and thought processes experienced during adolescence FIFTH STAGE Identity vs role confusion the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self Personal fables people think they can do everything Imaginary audience young people believe that other people are just as concerned about their thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are What are Khohlberg s stages of moral development Preconventional morality the child s behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior Conventional morality in which the child s behavior is governed by conforming to society s norms of behavior Postconventional morality the person s behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms What are the parts of the brain still developing during adolescence What are some of the ways in which these developments effect behavior TED talk on Moodle What is adulthood Begins in the early twenties and ends with death in old age Divided into young adulthood middle adulthood and late adulthood What are Erikson s stages of adulthood Last three stages intimacy vs isolation an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust share and care while still maintaining a sense of self Generativity vs