Biology 1102 Dr John Reeve Final Exam Essay Questions 1 Explain how cocaine increases nerve transmissions that stimulate the brain s pleasure center and how alcohol consumption results in sleepiness sedation Within your answer describe and explain the functions of a neuron dendrite and neurotransmitter Your answer should include a description of the normal neurotransmitter synthesis synapse function removal cycle and how the dopamine cycle is changed by the presence of cocaine and the GABA cycle by the presence of alcohol cocaine stimulates the neurotransmission of dopamine the pleasure center from one neuron to another BECAUSE it RELEASES a lot of dopamine THEN BLOCKS recycling of dopamine BUT cocaine attaches to the dopamine transporter SO NO dopamine can attach and is STUCK in the neuron dopamine increases in those synapses so pleasure increases and there are LONGER LASTING DOPAMINE EFFECTS that are more concentrated alcohol binds to the GABA receptors sleepiness and loss of coordination gaba neurotransmitter that reduces nerve transmissions so OPP of a stimulant makes you slow down and feel calmer it s a sedative can lead to depression GABA would normally be recycled on their own just like what happens with the dopamine neurotransmitters but when alcohol binds to those receptors you can t have GABA attach to those GABA receptors which would allow the GABA to leave that neuron and go back to original neuron a nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses and synthesizes neurotransmitters then neuron releases them to cross the synapse gap b w neurons They process and transmit information through things like the dendrites part of it dendrite b c of these gather information and send it to nervous system neurotransmitter CHEMICALS that send nerve impulses across neuron gaps by chemicals branch off of the neurons where the SYNAPSES are located dendrites are receptors synapse function binds to protein receptors on the other neuron that neuron it reaches removes it from the synapse and takes it inside the neuron synthesis Made of amino acids recycle Neutrotransmitter is sent back to the original neuron through a transporter and used again another time 2 Explain how humans sense motion and gravity In your answer describe and explain the functions of the semi circular canals cupula otoliths and mechanoreceptors and explain why repetitive head spinning often results dizziness and nausea Sense Motion inside your inner ear there are 3 semi circular canals that are set at different angles to RESPONSE to movement not hearing liquid inside your inner ear s semi circular canal moves when there s motion pushes the cupula gel and bends those mechanoreceptors in the cupula when you bend those receptors it pushes the gel when that happens nerve sensors in the canal are activated sense movement and its direction Sense Gravity otolithic membranes have mechanoreceptors embedded in gel that support a layer of particles SO when you re upright there s pressure on those particles If otoliths MOVE brain is signaled and SENSES which way is up based on what way the receptors and particles are being pushed Repetitive Head Spinning Nausea liquid keeps moving AFTER you stop moving become dizzy since there are conflicting signals as to which direction you re going and THAT leads to nausea nausea happens when you have signals sent to vomit center of brain b c those confliction motion signals 3 Describe and explain the differences between Type I and Type II diabetes In your answer include a description of the the reciprocal functions of insulin and glucagon explain the underlying cause of Type I diabetes and how Type I but not Type II can be effectively managed TYPE 1 1 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE beta cells are killed by IMMUNE syst b c PANCREAS doesn t make enough insulin manage monitor blood glucose levels get insulin shot diet exercise etc ONLY 10 20 of ppl affected have this type TYPE 2 insulin is SYNTHESIZED but fat and muscle target cells don t respond LOSS of glucose uptake no sugar removed FAT manage harder to effectively manage b c it requires changing your entire life style and sometimes that is beyond the kids control if they grow up somewhere that does not promote a healthy lifestyle life style such as having a low fat sugar diet take drugs that simulate pancreas to make MORE insulin also is partly inherited through your family and their lifestyle esp if you don t eat home cooked healthy meals and don t exercise 80 90 of diabetes people Insulin vs Glucagon both occur back and forth to maintain homeostasis within the body glucagon happens when don t have enough glucose so need glyc broken down for energy Insulin goes on when there s too much so it s converted to fat and stored insulin When binding it makes cells TAKE IN glucose from blood POLYMERIZE glucose glycogen putting together not breaking down body CONVERTS glycogen to STORAGE DECREASE blood concentration of glucose goes anywhere that ACCEPTS insulin glucagon When it binds it makes cells TAKE GLYCOGEN and break INTO glucose RELEASE glucose INTO blood opp of above INCREASE blood gluc Concentration 4 Walking barefoot near the Olentangy River a dirty sharp object briefly penetrates your foot and leaves bacteria inside your foot Your immune system comes to the rescue Describe why and how your innate immune system first responds and how this is then followed by adaptive Blymphocyte and T lymphocyte responses In your answer include a description and explanation of the terms major histocompatibility proteins MHC I and MHC II macrophages lymphatic system and lymph nodes cytokines antigens the adaptive humoral antibody response and the adaptive cytotoxic T cell response innate immune system first response to bacteria why how FIRST responders immediately recognize invaders don t need to have had a previous encounter w it inflammation pain swelling begins macrophages ingest invaders signal rest of system to activate secrete cytokines adaptive b lymphocyte and t lymphocyte response b lymphocyte white blood cell that produces antibodies specific to that antigen that stimulates its production matures in bone marrow binds to pathogen s antigens t lymphocyte white blood cell helps B cells make antibodies against foreign antigens makes killer T cells active stimulates macrophages lymphocytes were activated by macrophage so THIS starts Lymphocytes LEARN to attack the invader remember this in future attacks b c adaptive TAKES TIME TO ACQUIRE AND GET BETTER AT ATTACKING B