1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stimulating or inhibiting Stimulating Hypothalamus E1 Anterior Pituitary gland P G E2 Gland E3 Corticotropin RH Adrenocorticotropi c H ACTH Adrenal Cortex cortisol Thyrotropin RH Thyroid stimulating Thyroid T3 T4 amine Liver insulin like growth factor Sex organs more on this later progesterone testosterone estrogen Mammary milk production increase breast tissue Growth Hormone RH Gonadotropin RH H TSH Growth Hormone GH Luteinizing H LH Follicle Stimulating H FSH Prolactin R factor hormone Prolactin Somatostatin SS Dopamine amine DA Prolactin inhibitor Inhibiting Growth hormone inhibitor Hypothalamus E1 Posterior P G Oxytocin SAME releasing for sure 1 2 Vasopressin anti diuretic hormone Hopythalamus E1 Pituitary E2 negative feedback Gland E3 3 jobs Effector Response Exam 8 Mar 3 Endocrine system rd Monday The other communication system o Blood carried signals o Widespread effects o Regulated by feedback mechanisms o Speed Endocrine neural Pathway Gland neuron endocrine hormone effector Endocrine hormone o Differ in 1 Type 2 Mechanism of action Types of endocrines figure 11 2 6 35 1 Amide endocrines Derived from tyrosine C ring Examples o T3 and T4 Thyroid gland amine nonpolar made in the colloid extracellular fluid T4 is more polar than T3 travels better T3 is more effective T3 is made from T4 more T3 the follicular cells and the colloid or the fluid compose the follicle the colloid is extracellular the follicular cells have the receptor for the ACTH o Dopamine hypothalamus o Norepi and epi adrenal medulla The adrenal gland has two parts the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex 2 Peptide endocrines figure 11 3 Synthesized as prohormone inactive Packaged into secretory vesicles o Processed into endocrine only want them released when needed o Stored neuromuscular junctions wait to be released Released on demand Examples o Insulin o Hypothalamic releasing hormones o Pituitary endocrines o Gastrointestinal endocrines 3 Steroid endocrines figure 11 4 11 5 Synthesized from cholesterol Lipophilic receptor alter the DNA o Alter DNA transcription o Needs binding protein ligands that are nonpolar Intracellular Produced by gonads progesterone testosterone estrogen adrenal cortex cortisol steroid and placenta Production requires steroidogenic enzymes Except for T3 and T4 amide dopamine amine Nroepi and epi amide cortisol steroid gonad endocrines All the others are peptides Mechanisms of action o Endocrines are ligands Hydrophilic activate 2nd messenger system Hydrophobic activate DNA transcription need plasma binding Spots for disruption decrease or increase protein o Endocrine synthesis release o Receptor expression o Alter clearing catabolism and or excretion Regulation of secretion based on o Substances in plasma Ions e g Ca2 Nutrients e g glucose o Neurotransmitters ACh stimulates the adrenal medulla release norepi and epi Hypothalamic neurons receive input from other neurons o Other endocrines Ex Pituitary endocrines stimulate other glands Hypothalamus surrounds 3 rd ventricle in the brain Figure 11 13 o Contain neurons that release E o Master gland o Two ways to release E to PG Pituitary gland hypophysis figure 11 13 11 16 o Infundibulum o Two divisions o Anterior adenohypophysis Via portal vasculature Seven E hypophysiotropic except for dopamine is an amine the others are peptides o Posterior neurohypophysis Via terminals of hypothalamic neurons Two E Communication overview o Stress neural input o Hypothalamus endocrine 1 o Pituitary endocrine 2 o Gland endocrine 3 o Effector target organ cells The only way for E1 to inhibit E2 is through somatostatin and dopamine The E3 can inhibit E2 but do not usually do so the E3 cascade Some don t go to E3 prolactin oxytocin growth hormone The effector organs glands and tissues affect the effector actually don t confused Mar 5th Wednesday o Benefits figure 11 18 Many opportunities to regulate and or Amplification membrane bound receptors hypothalamus as the convert system if get it bigger something other is going to lose space Few E1 to many E3 Recall cell signaling section adrenal gland can get bigger Hypothalamus hypophysiotropic endocrines 7 o Stimulate 5 KNOWING EACH ONE OF THE ENDOCRINES sheet on Carmen with all the names 1 Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH E1 hypothalamus adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 2 Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH thyroid stimulating hormone TSH 3 Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH growth hormone GH 4 Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH combining the gonad a Luteinizing hormone LH and b Follicle stimulating hormone FSH 5 Prolactin releasing factor hormone PRF PRH Prolactin Pro prolactin doesn t have E3 6 Dopamine 7 for endorphin o Inhibit 2 figure 11 16 1 Somatostatin SS Growth hormone GH 2 Dopamine DA Prolactin prevent prolactin from being made o Transmission o To APG anterior pituitary gland via portal veins portal vasculature Anterior pituitary hormones o ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenal cortex cortisol o TSH thyroid stimulating hormone thyroid T3 and T4 o GH liver IGF 1 insulin like growth factor 1 protein synthesis name does not relate to gland many organs tissues do the work directly protein synthesis carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to make a bigger you to make more proteins eg steroid does a lot of other things growth hormone has no feedback o FSH and o LH gonads sex hormones o Prolactin Pro mammary gland increase the size of breast tissue milk o Endo don t know the E1 right now assume human has the same effect 1 Beta lipotropin E2 other mammals do we when we are doing more undomesticated things puts fats into circulation 2 Beta endorphin E2 pleasure a natural pain killer we know they are present in human but we don t know what they do Posterior pituitary hormones figure 11 13 made by hypothalamus released by posterior pituitary gland housed in axons in infundibulum o Oxytocin Lactation and labor contractions fxn in males we don t know specifically why so important in males Allow more social interactions and less aggressive lacking in oxytocin can lead to less sociable actions o Vasopressin Blood vessels and kidneys Anti diuretic hormone ADH have to know two terms of this water retention site of vessels o Both also act as NTs in other parts of the brain o Transmission Extension of hypothalamus Effector organs glands and tissues Gonads ovum testes placenta Adrenal cortex Thyroid Mammary gland we don t know Liver organs tissues Endocrines products from effector Estrodial
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