Sociology Social Science 2 keys Theory and Data Sociological Imagination Individual Forces Structural Forces Sociological Theory Explain and predict human phenomena Produce testable and falsifiable hypothesis Theory is the building block of understanding o Without it we have disconnected facts Sociological Though Goal is to understand causes and consequences and future implications of social phenomena s Enlightenment Emphasis on Reason Rejection of Tradition Counter Enlightenment Emphasis on tradition emotion and ritual Industrial Revolution Deskilling of labor harsh working conditions increased unemployment urbanization Political Revolution French American o Tradition Reason o Privilege Equal Rights Foundational Figures Auguste Comte o Cohesion change o Scientific study o Coined the term Sociology Emile Durkheim o Objectivity social facts elements that shape action o Organismic Analogy Society is like a body Karl Marx Max Weber o Economy o Class conflict Capitalists vs Working class o Power and conflict class status o Culture Religion Harriet Martineau o Gender inequality o Comprehensive Approach W E B Du Bois o Race and class o Critical Applied tradition o Research should lead to social improvement Sociological Imagination Individuals vs society structural forces i e Economy Analysis o Micro level the individual o Macro level large groups i e Columbus Major sociological Paradigms Symbolic Interaction Structural Functionalism Social Conflict Approaches to Scientific Inquiry Empirical Generalization Hypothesis Deductive Reasoning Theory Data Inductive Reasoning Research Methods Qualitative Methods o Ethnographies o Interviews o Small sample size rich story Quantitative Methods o Surveys Triangulation Correlation Cause and Effect o Taking data from different types of research to put one full story together o Independent variable o Dependent variable Spurious Relationship o Two variables change together o Due to a third variable Central Tendency Mean Median Mode Society and Culture Society System of interrelationship that holds people together o Positions we hold o Groups we belong to o Institutions we participate in Pre Modern Societies Hunting and gathering Pastoral and agrarian Traditional Civilization Modern Society Industrial o Technologically advanced o Urbanization o Factory office Developing Societies o Limited Industrialization o Colonial past Culture Way of shared life Guidelines for action and interaction Adapts and evolves Components of Culture Non material culture o Values o Norms o Language Material Culture Ideal vs Real Diversity Ethnocentrism vs Culture Relativism Most desirable what we teach children vs what actually occurs Reality Ethnocentrism viewing own culture as right and superior Culture Relativism set aside prejudice to understand other cultures Sub cultures o Social units smaller than nation o A smaller culture within a larger one o Ex upper class lower class ethnic groups religion Counter Cultures o Go against mainstream o Oppositional to dominate culture o Ex hippies Amish skinheads National Culture o America o Freedom democracy o Unique to country Global culture o Objects common across the world o Ex capitalism trade TV cars marriage Interpretations of Culture Symbolic Interactionism o Micro level o Ex language flag o Focused more on the individual Structural Functionalism o Macro level o Broader level society culture together o Maintain order and stability Social Conflict Perspective o Macro level o The struggle for power and resources o Dominate groups are going to try and impose culture on others o Ex countries social classes Socialization Nature vs Nurture Lifelong process of learning to be a member of society Largely accomplished through interaction with others Debate between which is more important Social sciences emphasize nurture Margret Mead o New Guinea Aropesh both sexes gentle passive emotionally responsive Mundugumes both sexes aggressive and cruel especially with children Tchembul gender roles reversed women managed business affairs men painted and gossiped very emotional Importance of Socialization George Herbert Development of the self o Nature vs Nurture o How we talk dress ect o Especially important in childhood development Agents of Socialization Family peers local groups Education religion politics Media Formal or informal o Formal Parents school religion o Informal Media Interpretations of Socialization Structural Functionalism educational system Social Conflict Perspectives maintain power Importance of Socialization o Action by 2 individuals o Common Goal o Social Conflict o Emphasis is on how different institutions and groups provide stability i e Family o Those with power use socialization to manipulate people to benefit the elite and Socialization Social Interaction Social interaction the process of how we act and react to those around us Three important components Erving Goffman Audience Segregation o Focused interaction engaging conversation o Unfocused interaction Civil Inattention i e passing someone in the hall Front stage behavior o How we behave in public i e work formal Back Stage Behavior o The real us o How we act among people we are close to Social Statuses Ascribed status o Assigned at birth o Race gender ethnicity country of origin Achieved o Chosen or earned o May be temporary or permanent o Education occupation degree position CEO sports Status Set Combination of statues held by an individual o Son student male brother employee Roles Behavior Obligation o Being a good friend being a prepared student Role strain Role conflict o Tension within a status o Tension between two or more states Social Network Contact an individual has with different people groups organizations Set norms and curve behavior Social Capital o Personal knowledge and networks an individual can draw on as a Resource Conformity Defiance and Crime o Rules of appropriate behavior shared by a community Norms Deviance o A violation of social norms or acceptable behavior o Not necessarily criminal o Ex J walking speeding Conceptions of deviant behavior wary within and across societies Deviance is socially constructed o Dependent on the norms of a culture i e Netherlands have legal drug use and prostitution Crime Most threatening forms of deviance Not all crime is deviant just like not all deviance is a crime o Deviance could include singing in public and public nudity o Crimes include exceeding the speed limit and illegally downloading music o