Soc 5618 – Sociology of Policing – Final Exam Review Sheet– Spring 2014From Exam #1- Typology of police departmentso Legalistic style:  Police intervene frequently and formally with citizens Action is determined by criminal law  Discretion minimized—officers instructed that in each andevery case tickets or citations should be given Primary mission is law enforcement Often in the aftermath of scandalo Service Style: Frequent informal interactions with citizens, but issue fewcitations and arrests Commitment to public service Primary task: resolve citizen problems emphasize community relations Considerable discretion Let officers use their own wit to solve problemso Watchman Style: Rarely intervene with citizens; when they do, informal norms/tactics apply Emphasize basic peace keeping Do not get involved unless they have to Individual approach to problems Considerable discretion Early policing was about maintaining ordero Example from Exam #1: 1. A police officer witnesses a motorist traveling at 10 miles per hour about the speed limit. The officer pursues the motorist, stops him, and gives the driver a warning but not a citation. Based on Wilson’s typology, this officer’s actions most closely reflect a _________ of police departments.- A. Legalistic- B. Service- C. Watchman- D. Municipal 2. Chief Paul Denton mentioned that his officers are likelyto be present during a demonstration on campus and theymay interact with protesters, ut they use considerable discretion and arrest as a last resort. This philosophy most closely aligns with a ______ style of policing?- A. Legalistic- B. Service- C. Watchman- D. Municipal Answer at the end of the study guide- Broken windows o Reasons for growth of disorder 1. De-criminalization of vagrancy- Decriminalization in general curtailed police powers- Supreme Court decisions limited police powers- Exclusionary rule policed the police- Courts limited searches, seizures, and interrogation- Miranda v Arizona 2. De-institutionalization of the mentally ill- Mentally ill and public drunkness decriminalized - Has to do will ‘liberal’ social thinking 3. ‘Liberal’ social thinking (root causes) Example from Exam One: - 3. Which of the following is NOT a reason for growth of disorder according to Kelling and Coles?o A. The de-institutionalization of mentally-illo B. The de-criminalization of vagrancyo C. The steady return of prisoners to inner-city neighborhoodso D. Supreme court decisions that limited policepowers- Answer at the end of the study guide o Summary of theory: Broken windows in a sentence is: Serious crime flourisheswhere disorderly behavior goes uncheckedo 4 of 10 tenets 1.Citizens set standards for conduct 2.Petty offenders are often serious offenders 3.Community disorder leads to serious crime 4.Reactive policing is ineffective 5.Order maintenance is a worthy police duty 6.Reducing fear reduces crime 7.Officers need an area 8.Police can be aggressive and respectful 9.Authority must be devolved to lower levels 10.Precinct commanders are accountableo Evidence of effectiveness NYC implementation:- In the Subway:o Removed graffiti from subway carso People lying or sitting in pathways need to moveo Station manager programs - In the City:o Squeegee meno Public parks after sundown- started taking advantage of more foot patrol and having contact with people in the park (many men they questioned for minor offenses ended up having guns or warrants)o Took ideas from Operation Crossroads in the 1970s and implemented them in Bryant Park, which ultimately led to ridding the city of the squeegee men- Study comparison of three policing erasCriteria o Political Era (1840s-1900s)o Reform Era (1930s-1970s)o Community Era (1980s-Present)Authorization: Local politics Written Law Law and CommunityPrimary Function:Broad social servicesCrime Control (Dis)order; problem solvingOrganizational Design:Decentralized; geographicalCentralized; bureaucraticDecentralized, BureaucraticRelationship to Environment:Close and personalDistant Close and ConsultativeOutcomes:Social Order Index Crimes Quality of life- Political Era: emphasis on public service- Reform Era: emphasis on criminal law enforcement- Community era: emphasis on order maintenance- Reasons for the fall of the Reform Era:o Three Sociological Reasons: Crime rates increasing Fear of crime rising Strained minority group relationso Two Political Shifts: 1. Legitimacy crisis: people were having trust issues with the government; the Vietnam war, Watergate scandal and civil rights movement all made people question the government 2. Neo-Conservative movement: government plays a larger role in moral and safety issues more so than evero Four Practical Problems: 1. Discretion persisted despite efforts to limit it Officer frustration with bureaucracy (information only goes one way) 911 is ineffective Isolated from communities  poor intelligence and ‘net widening’o Two Changes in Police Science: 1. Kansas City Preventive Patrol 2. Goldstein’s treatise (1979)—Problem oriented policing- 1. Treat the problem not the incident- 2. Give the community a say in what’s policed- 3. Make better use of data- 4. Disaggregate problems- 5. Utilize non-legal means- 6. Be proactive- 7. Accountability - Examples from Exam #1:o 4. Which Era of policing has a decentralized or ‘flat’ organizational structure? A. Community B. Reform C. Political D. Watchman E. Both A and C F. Both B and Do 5. Which era of policing used index crimes as a metric for gauging success? A. Community B. Reform C. Political D. Watchmano 6. Which of the following was a major weakness of the political era of policing? A. Inability to control crime and disorder B. Failure to find police recruits C. Police corruption became a serious concern D. This type of policing was not financially sustainableo 7. Which of the following was NOT a practical problem that contributed to the decline of the reform era policing? A. Discretion persisted despite efforts to limit it B. Officers grew frustrated wit the red tape of bureaucracy C. Mid-level police (e.g. lieutenants) felt accountability standards were too strict D. The 9-1-1 system did not meet its initial objectivesFrom Exam #2- 4th, 5th, and 6th and 14th amendments – match amendment to corresponding