Chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood 1 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems p 342 o Changes in lung capacity Decreases in physical activity Maximum vital capacity amount of air that can be forced in and out of lungs declines by 10 percent per decade after age 25 High blood pressure Occurs 12 more often in the U S black than in the white o Hypertension population o Atherosclerosis Serious disease of the cardiovascular system Heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collect on the walls of the main arteries Hard to separate the contributions of biological aging from individual genetic and environmental influences Before puberty a high fat diet produces only fatty streaks on the 2 Immune System p 344 artery walls o Immune response is the combined work of specialized cells that neutralize or destroy antigens in the body o Psychological stress can weaken the immune system Ex Being less resistant to a cold during final exams 3 Health and Fitness p 345 o SES variations in health over the lifespan reflect these influences Income education and occupational status o Economically advantaged and well educated individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives o Health of lower individuals with limited education declines 4 Overweight and Obesity p 346 o Weight gain is substantial between ages 25 40 5 Substance Abuse p 348 349 o In the U S 19 22 year olds are more likely than younger or older individuals to smoke cigarettes chew tobacco use marijuana and take stimulants to enhance cognitive or physical performance o 20 of U S 21 25 year olds are substance abusers o Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are the most common substance disorders 6 Heterosexual Attitudes and Behaviors p 350 o Characteristics of sexual partners tend to be similar in age education ethnicity and religion 7 Sexual Coercion p 351 352 o People of all walks of life are offenders and victims o Men who engage in sexual assault tend to believe in traditional gender roles approve of violence against women and accept rape myths o Perpetrators also tend to interpret women s social behavior inaccurately Friendliness as seductiveness Assertiveness as hostility Resistance as desire 8 Psychological Stress p 353 hassles o Psychological stress adverse social conditions negative life events daily o Middle aged adults are better at coping with stress than young adults 9 Social Issues Masculinity at Work p 361 o Characteristics of men who enter traditionally female dominated careers Less gender typed Less focused on the social status of their work More interested in working with people Chapter 14 Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood 1 Risk and Resilience in Emerging Adulthood p 367 o Emerging adults explorations also extend earlier risk including unprotected sex substance abuse and hazardous driving behavior o Feelings of loneliness are higher o Supportive family school and community environments are crucial 2 Erikson s Theory Intimacy versus Isolation p 369 o Reflected in the young person s thoughts and feelings about making a permanent commitment to an intimate partner A secure identity fosters attainment of intimacy 3 The Social Clock p 372 o Social Clock Age graded expectations for major life events such as beginning a first job getting married birth of a first child buying a home and retiring Feminine social clock Marriage and parenthood in the early or mid twenties Those who started families on time became more responsible self controlled tolerant and caring But declined in self esteem and felt more vulnerable Masculine social clock Entry into a high status career and advancement by the late twenties Those who followed the time clock became more dominant sociable independent and intellectually effective 4 The Components of Love p 373 o Triangular theory of love Identifies three components intimacy passion and commitment that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop o Passionate love intense sexual attraction Gradually declines as couples become more intimate A strong predictor if couples continue dating 5 Childhood Attachment Patterns and Adult Romantic Relationships p 374 o Childhood attachment patterns strongly predict romantic relationships in adulthood adult relationships Negative parent child experiences can be carried forward into o When adults with unhappy love lives have a chance to form more satisfying intimate ties they may revise their internal working models 6 Same Sex Friendships p 375 7 Leaving Home p 377 o Women have more intimate same sex friendships than men o Male friendships lack intimacy because men are unwilling to disclose weaknesses and concern that if they tell about themselves their friends will not reciprocate The longer the friendships last the closer they become o Departing from the parental home is a major step toward assuming adult responsibilities o Residential independence rises steadily with age The average age of leaving has decreased in recent years as more young people live independently before marriage o Young people leave home to marry some do so to be independent to express their adult status Half of young adults return home for a brief period of time after 8 Marital Roles p 377 378 leaving o Traditional marriages Involving a clear division of husband and wife s roles The main is the head of the household his primary responsibility is the economic well being of his family The woman devotes herself to caring for her husband and children and to creating a nurturing comfortable home o Egalitarian marriage Partners relate as equals sharing power and authority Both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations their children and their relationship Men in dual earner marriages participate more in child care 9 Partner Abuse p 380 than in the past o Personality and developmental history family circumstances and cultural factors combine to make partner abuse more likely o Victims are chronically anxious and depressed and experience frequent panic attacks 10 Factors Related to Divorce predictors of divorce p 385 o Infidelity spending money foolishly drinking or using drugs expressing jealousy engaging in irritating habits and moodiness Chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood 1 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Age p 396 397 o Age range of middle adulthood 45 to 65 year olds o Prominent concerns include getting a fatal disease being too ill to maintain