CFS 2050 Exam 1 NotesWhat is a Family? Definition depends on question you asko How well are family members taking care of dependents (children, chronically ill, elderly, and romantic partners)? “Public family”o How well are families providing the emotional satisfaction people (2+) value, suchas intimacy, love, and personal fulfillment? “Private family” Why does it matter how we define it? Policyo Who benefits from family policies? Economico Family benefits, e.g. health insuranceo Most employers only give benefits to spouses and children There is no right answer.  U.S. Census Bureau: family vs. household Family: two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together Household: all the people who occupy a housing unit. Diversity of Families Monogamy: marriage system in which people are allowed only one spouse Polygamy: marriage system in which men or women (or both) are allowed to have more than one spouseTypes of Polygamy Polygyny: a man is allowed to have more than one wife. Greek: “many women” Polyandry: a woman is allowed to have more than one husband Which more common?Brief History of the Family For most of human history, most families were hunter-gatherers. Performed 3 basic activities:o Production: produced food, clothes, other goods and serviceso Reproduction: bore and raised childreno Consumption: consumed food, firewood, other essentials as a unit For most of human history, a familial mode of production was in place. Family produced nearly all its own food, made its own clothes, built its own dwelling Around time of industrial revolution in 1700s, people began to work for wages in a labor market mode of production. People work for pay and produce less for their own use at home. They buy and sell on the market.Emergence of “Modern” American Family Carl Degler: Between 1776 and 1830 Clearest among white middle class Americans 4 new characteristics 1. Marriage: affection, mutual respect 2. Wives: care of children and home From cooperation to separation “Separate spheres” Men: public sphere Women: Private sphere“True Womanhood” and the “Cult of Domesticity” piety purity domesticity submissiveness 3. Husband and wife increasingly centered on children Attention, affection, loving care in addition to discipline and economicsupport 4. Number of children per family declined More emotional investment and time per child1900 to the Present Especially since 1960s, a time of change Increase in premarital sex (and births) Drop in birthrate New youth culture (“flappers”) Rising divorce rate Later marriageWhy Study the Family? Important social institution Concern for children’s well-being and well-being of other dependents Nearly everyone involved in some waySocial Institution Normative structures that establish the rules and groups that will accomplish certain kinds of objectives within the society  Family Religion Education The StateSome Issues to Keep in Mind Demographic Trends Association vs. Causation Social ProcessesBe Aware of Variation Class Race & Ethnicity Immigrant Status International VariationSome terms to know Lineage Form of kinship in which descent is traced through either mother’s or father’s line Patrilineage Kinship traced through father’s line Matrilineage Kinship traced through mother’s line Bilateral kinship Descent through both mother’s and father’s lines Conjugal Family Husband, Wife, and Children Extended Family Conjugal family + any other relatives present in the household, such as a grandparent or uncle Stem Family Kinship group made up of parents + one child at homeWhat is a family?(some definitions we’ve learned) Public Family- Private Family- Census-defined Family- Conjugal Family- Extended Family- Stem Family-“THE Family” vs. Families in this course We refer to “the family” Many different types of families, e.g. Married two-parent Single parent Cohabiting two-parent Married stepfamily Cohabiting stepfamily Nonparent familyLife-Course Perspective Study of changes in individuals’ lives over time, and how those changes are related to historical events 4 central themes in life course paradigm Interplay of human lives and historical time Timing of lives Linked or interdependent lives Human agency in choice-makingInterplay of human lives and historical time How living in a particular era affects individual lives Great Depression Growing up in era of Second Demographic TransitionTiming of Lives Incidence, duration, and sequence of roleso How long a child?o How long an “emerging adult”?o How long an adult?o How long an elderly adult?Linked Lives “Each generation is bound to fateful decisions and events in the other’s life course”o Glen Elder What is one of most intuitive examples?o ………………..Human Agency Individuals plan and make choices that determine their life courseo Family arrangements (marriage, children, etc.)o Educational choicesSecond Demographic Transition What is a demographic transition? Basics of demography: fertility, mortality, migration Major transition in demographics of a population First demographic transition• Population trend in industrialized countries, roughly late 1700s – early 20th century Stage 1: High birth and death rates• Slow population growth• Stage 1 until around late 1700s• Infectious diseases, dirty water, and food shortages caused many deaths influenza, scarlet fever, plague, cholera, typhoid, typhus, dysentery, diarrhea, TB, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough… Stage 2: Death rate declines, birth rate remains high• Better food supply• Cleaner water supply, better sewage processing, food handling, and general personal hygiene Stage 3: death rate continues to decrease, birth rate drops dramatically• More children survive• Children more expensive• Increase contraceptive knowledge Stage 4: stable low birth and death rates• Continues today• Major causes of death in industrialized countries are related to age and individual health, not infectious diseases and sanitation Heart disease, cancer, old age, stroke, accidents, diabetes, etc. First or “classic” demographic transition