ANTH 173 MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE 1 Prosimians or lemurs found in Madagascar greatest diversity and Old World Africa Asia It is in prosimians that we see our smell dependent beginnings The evolution since has been a move to sight and away from smell but smell is still fundamentally important and often underestimated in humans Many prosimians mate only when ready to conceive Advertise ready for mating marking urine and calls Prosimians tend to be highly seasonal and often photoperiod controlled Many mate for only 4 hours a year same time each year In some males can reabsorb testes out of breeding season Many nocturnal Sex is for reproduction 2 New world monkeys or Platyrrhines Have no apes or prosimians Start to get into sex for other than just reproduction as well as multiple ways of showing when ready to mate ALL monkeys are diurnal except night or owl monkey Smallest Marmosets and Tamarins Callitrichids Middle sized Capuchins and Squirrel monkeys Biggest Atelines or Spiders and Howlers Monogamy many small New World Primates are monogamous includes night monkey titi marmosets and tamarins Co dominance Single male polygyny relatively rare but some can include this Multi Male polygyny very common system in the middle sized and the biggest howlers Fission and fusion the spider monkey Polyandry tamarins and marmosets 3 Old world monkeys World Africa and Asia are very similar to each other both very different to New Monkeys Apes and Prosimians present so no really small species Africa o Middle Cercopithercines or Guenons and Mangabeys o Big Baboons and Colobus o Monogamy very rare maybe some guenons o Single male polygyny very common in guenons some colobus o Single male harem in some baboons hamadryas and gelada o Multi male polygyny very common vervets managabeys red colobus and baboons Asia o Macaques Leaf monkeys or Langurs odd nosed monkeys o Single male polygyny many langurs o Multi male polygyny very common macaques langurs and leaf monkeys 4 Apes our closest relatives and most relevant when considering human evolution Monogamous gibbon and siamang defend territory with song duets Chimpanzees are apes Females leave and the males stay Seen in bonobos Gibbons Siamang Noyau male of two types females stay and males leave mostly females remain in the groups they are born into males lowland and mountain single male harem of unrelated females 5 Moneys and prosimians 6 Orangutan 7 Gorilla 8 Lesser apes 9 Greater apes 10 Why do some species have female dominance and where is it seen 11 Natal group the group an individual was born into 12 Female resident groups leave baboons macaques 13 Non female resident groups females spider moneys howlers chimpanzees gorillas Males in the group may or not be related 14 Matrilineal groups maternal descent baboons and macaques mother daughters granddaughters A group may contain more than one matrilline Matrillines can be related to each other 16 Rank inheritance in females good the daughters are within a matrilineal group a set of closer related individuals often one male and one female may mate for life or a breading season social systems based on females that are related through daughters rank directly below mother no matter how females leave their natal groups and join unrelated 17 Age related rank 18 Monogamy females ranked by age 15 Matrillines Rare among prosimians Why females cannot afford to be social because of food Male presence care needed to raise offspring or defend territory Groups better in the day against predators Ex Indri red bellied lemur wooly lemur tarsier Co dominant and same body size 19 One male polygyny one male and many females Why usually females benefit from being together in a group because they can defend the food or area Single male because he can exclude from other males Curiously doesn t happen in prosimians many males with many females one male may mate more 20 Multi male polygyny than others Why can defend the food or area usually females benefit from being together in a group because they But group is bigger so too big for one male but can be defended by several Female s benefit having more males to choose among Many diurnal lemurs many female dominant 21 Solitary all spend most of their time alone and usually only come together to mate Noyau nocturnal one male overlaps the territory of several females but Why food too scattered often insects for females to be together but can defend an area containing food but not enough to have a male all the time Works at night Started with prosimians For the male the females are too scattered to guard one and can get more by defending an area containing several Occurs in many nocturnal prosimians Madagascar and old world Many small prosimians can twin frequently larger primates typically have Ex Mouse and dwarf lemurs Aye aye elongated digit and Noyau Potto single births Bushbaby Loris Tarsier 22 Polyandry Why more than one male necessary to raise offspring one female with more than one male female food stressed especially during raising offspring and care from Tamarins and Mamosets 23 Harems males attack and force females into mating not the females choice Single male harem in some baboons hamadryas and gelada community identity parties in the largest group mix of different 24 Fission fusion competition types Male bonded females scattered but overlapping as food sources vary but o Why females cannot always be together to defend food o One male can guard more if cooperate with relatives o Get separate females with cooperative males o Common in chimpanzee females group to cooperatively defend bigger food sources Female bonded o Why o Males can no longer guard more if cooperate with relatives o Solitary o Pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo 27 Lifetime reproductive success 28 Variance in reproductive success 25 Reproductive success 26 Reproductive potential number of surviving offspring produced by and number of surviving offspring produced by an individual number of surviving offspring that could potentially be produced by an individual number of eggs and ejaculations individual during its whole lifetime how much of the reproductive potential each realizes differences in how many offspring each individual produces relative to each other compete to reduce competitors to themselves or their own offspring in population the genetic contribution to the next generation and is the relative to others food matters to males to make them better competitors and females difference between members of