MIDTERM 3 1 Parenting Styles the characteristic strategies that parents use to manage child s behavior parents think what they want for their child they think of socialization practices and goals Control restrictive parents vs permissive parents Restrictive actively monitor behavior what they are up to who their friends are have strict rules that they expect child to obey expect child to internalize the rules that parents try to teach at the extreme end You do what I say you know what to do internalize these rules Permissive do little monitoring parents might not know much about the child s friends and may have a set of rules but the rules are flexible sometimes rules are made up on the spot Warmth Emotional Support Emotionally supportive parents engaging parents think that it is important to know child s emotional needs talkative and converse with child engaged cheerful parents from film on attachment prototypical model of a responsive mother Cold hostile parents neglectful don t care much about child s emotional needs Children w nurturing and warm parents are more securely attached in the first two years of life than those with more rejecting parents also have higher self esteem and are more empathetic more altruistic and more responsive to others hurts or distress have higher IQs more compliant in preschool and elementary school do better in school less likely to show delinquent behavior in adolescence or criminal behavior in adulthood High levels of affection can buffer a child against the negative effects of otherwise disadvantageous environments Degree and clarity of parent s control over the child are significant parents with clear rules have kids who are much less likely to be defiant or noncompliant Most optimal outcomes for child occur when the parents are not overly restrictive explain things to the child and avoid the use of physical punishments children whose parents have high expectations fare better Open and regular communication between parents and child has been linked to more positive outcomes listening to child is important parents need to convey that the child is worth listening to child will be more emotionally and socially mature Diana Baumrind research in parenting styles that focused on four aspects of family functioning parenting styles shoe how parents perceive their child reflect what parent may believe what the child needs and preparation for them for the future 1 Warmth and nurturance 2 Clarity and consistency of rules 3 Level of expectations which she describes in terms of maturity demands 4 Communication between parents and child Authoritative best parenting style parents were highly controlling and highly warmth parents know who child interacts with monitors behavior high expectations that reflect what parents want child to exhibit when they are away from home think child s autonomy is also important intent is to control by creating a democratic home life because parents think control is important and they want child to perceive that it is important allows child to have a voice confidence in parent that in the end the home life will be negotiated and child will feel self controlled child s needs paid attention to because parent s listen promotes a child s self reliance parent will admit to being wrong at times when they are wrong child s views are important parents high in both control and acceptance setting clear limits but also responding to the child s individual needs Example respond to undesirable behaviors such as a child s refusal to go to bed by firmly sticking to their demands without resorting to asserting their power over the child MIDTERM 3 2 Kids tend to be more cooperative with peers and adults well liked between both groups better in school tend to be socially responsible tend to be self reliant and independent kids encouraged to think Authoritarian controlling but cold emotionally low in support parents who for them control is important not important to hear child s voice just that they do what they are told behavior that will benefit child will be no talking back no questioning and don t act like that outside home no negotiating internalize rules that are expressed because obedience for the sake of obedience is important parent s aren t child s friends because emotionally needs don t really matter more likely to use physical punishment high levels of demand and control but low in levels of warmth and communication Example parent who responds to a child s refusal to go to bed by asserting physical social and emotional control over the child Kids are more aggressive more uncomfortable anxious in social situations more likely to be resentful angry kids lack independence and self reliance aggression begets aggression don t do as good in school as authoritative kids because kids aren t encouraged to think as much but they can t do poorly in school Permissive low in control also loving and emotionally supporting parents who think not putting rules or guidelines or limits is too confining low control is a choice restrictions limit child s development parents care through a free environment child has freedom Example responds to a child s refusal to go to bed by allowing the child to go to bed whenever she wants to Kids show negative outcomes kids are rebellious egocentric and selfish tend to be lowing in school achievement than other two categories poorer peer relations because kids don t like other kids who can do whatever they want because these kids don t have restrictions at home slightly worse in school and are likely to be both more aggressive and somewhat immature in their behavior with peers and in school Uninvolved parenting neglectful low in control low in warmth uninvolved non engaged non responsive parents who avoided task of parenting parents lack of concern for task mother may be depressed or may be overwhelmed by other problems in her life and may simply not have made any deep emotional connection with the child Example uninvolved parents do not bother to set bedtimes for kids or even tell them to go to bed Kids are aggressive non compliant kids at later time are more likely to have psychological distress such as depression insecure category in attachment Baumrind was most interested in parental warmth might have a mom who is disorganized and may be abusive but if most of the time there is warmth or support in the household then that will reflect child s positive outcomes later having emotional behavior can help a child s