Human Bio Final Study Guide 1 What is the largest portion of the brain called The central nervous system 2 List and describe the four different lobes a Frontal lobe primary motor area and conscious thought b Temporal lobe primary auditory smell and speech area c Parietal lobe primary somatosensory and taste area d Occipital lobe primary visual area 3 Write the definitions Cerebral Cortex thin outer layer of gray matter Primary motor area voluntary control of skeletal muscle Primary somatosensory area for sensory information from skeletal muscle and skin Association areas integration occurs here Processing centers perform higher level analytical functions 4 What is included within the diencephalon a Hypothalamus helps maintain homeostasis hunger sleep thirst body temperature and water balance and controls pituitary gland b Thalamus 2 masses of gray matter that receive all sensory input except smell involved in memory and emotions c Pineal gland secretes melatonin that controls our daily rhythms 5 Describe each of these See 4 6 What does the Cerebellum do Receives and integrates sensory input from the eyes ears joints and muscles about the current position of the body 7 What is included within the brain stem a Midbrain relay station between the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum reflex center b Pons a bridge between cerebellum and the CNS regulates breathing rate reflex center for head movements c Medulla oblongata contains reflex centers for regulating breathing heartbeat d Reticular formation major component of the reticular activating system RAS and blood pressure that regulates alertness 8 Define each of these See 7 9 What does the reticular formation do Regulates alertness 10 Describe what the limbic system does a Joins primitive emotions i e fear pleasure with higher functions such as reasoning b Can cause strong emotional reactions to situations but conscious thought can override direct our behavior 11 List and define the two things that are within this system a Amygdala imparts emotional overtones b Hippocampus important to learning and memory 12 List and define the eight higher functions of the brain Learning what happens when we recall and use past memories to gain new information Memory ability to hold a thought or to recall past events Short term memory retention of information for only a few minutes Long term memory retention of information for more than a few minutes and includes the following Episodic memory people and events Semantic memory numbers and words Skill memory performing skilled motor activities i e riding a bike Language depends on semantic memory 13 Fill in the blanks Peripheral Nervous System includes cranial nerves spinal nerves and ganglia outside the CNS Cranial nerves conduct impulses to and from the brain Spinal Nerves conduct impulses to and from the spinal cord The ganglia is located the CNS 14 What does the Somatic Division do outside Serves the skin skeletal muscles and tendons Automatic responses are called reflexes 15 What does the Autonomic Division do Regulates the activity of involuntary muscles and glands 16 What does the Sympathetic Division do Coordinates the body for the fight or flight response by speeding up metabolism heart rate and breathing while slowing down and regulating other functions 17 What does the Parasympathetic Division do Counters the sympathetic system by bringing up a relaxed state by slowing down metabolism heart rate and breathing and returning other functions to normal 18 Look over Drugs and Drug abuse also be familiar with the general main things they do Slide 38 19 Describe the endocrine system What it s comprised of what it secretes and Results Comprised of mostly glands Secretes hormones that move through the bloodstream to target cells Results in a slow but a prolonged response 20 Define a target cell 21 Define Endocrine and Exocrine Endocrine secrete their products hormones directly into the bloodstream Exocrine secrete their products enzymes into ducts that carry these products to other organs or outside the body 22 What are hormones Chemical signals that promote communications between cells body parts and even individuals 23 List and describe the two types of hormones Peptide bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane causing the formation of CAMP which activates a cascade of enzymes Steroid lipids that enter a cell and affect gene activity and thus protein synthesis 24 List the steps for each 25 Fill in the Chart Name Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Pancreas Testes Ovaries Thymus Pineal Gland Function Regulates internal environment through the autonomic nervous system helps control heartbeat water balance glandular secretions Stores antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin that are produced by neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus Controlled by hypothalamic releasing and hypothalamic inhibiting hormones Large gland below larynx iodine is needed in the diet to allow thyroid gland to produce its hormones Small glands embedded on the surface of the thyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone Glands that sit on top of the kidneys Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex Fish shaped organ behind the stomach compose of 2 tissues Exocrine which produces and secretes digestive juices and endocrine which produces and secretes hormones insulin and glucagon Paired gonads in males that produce adrogens testosterone also stimulates growth of penis and testes Paired gonads in females produce estrogen and progesterone and help eggs to mature Lies beneath sternum secretes hormones called thymosins that aid in differentiation of lymphocytes Located in the brain secretes melatonin that regulates sleep wake cycle 26 List and describe the different Hormones produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland hormones cortisol childbirth 1 Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid 2 Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce 3 Gonadotropic hormones stimulate gonads to produce sex cells and hormones 4 Prolactin PRL stimulates mammary glands to develop and produce milk only after 5 Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH causes skin color changes in many fishes amphibians and reptiles having melanophores special skin cells that produce color variations 6 Growth hormone GH promotes skeletal and muscular growth 27 Define Pituitary Dwarfism to little GH results in small stature Gigantism too much GH results in poor
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