Physical Development During Middle Childhood 6 12 years Growth is slow and steady Outer body structures become more refined Around age 10 girls surpass boys in average height and weight Primary teeth fall out and permanent teeth appear Boys excel in gross motor skills and girls excel in fine motor skills Obesity is a problem among many children Cognitive Development During Middle Childhood Piaget s Concrete Operations Stage 7 12 years Children learn from active manipulation of materials Thoughts remain rooted in the present with concrete and tangible objects Cognitive Accomplisments Seriation Cause and effect Transitive inference Reversibility Class inclusion Conservation Decenter Number and Mathematics Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Social Development in Childhood Development of Self concept Self esteem Gender roles Friendships peer groups Social comparisons Adolescence Primary Sex Characteristics Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible Secondary Sex Characteristics Non reproductive sexual characteristics Menarche and Spermache Cognitive Development Adolescence Piaget s Formal Operations Stage 11 years The ability to think abstractly Adolescents can Understand historical time Better appreciation for metaphors irony and sarcasm Think in terms of what might be and not just what is Imagine possibilities and can form and test hypothesis Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought David Elkind 1984 1998 Argumentativeness Indesiciveness Finding fault with authority figures Self consciousness imaginary audience Assumption of Invulnerability invincibility personal fable Social Development Adolescence Identity Self esteem Peer interaction Closer friendships with opposite sex Morals Parenting Styles Involve 3 dimensions Parental warmth nurturance Parental control Discipline Issues Related to Punishment Reinforcement Punishment Method of teaching character self control and acceptable behavior Punishing stimuli should be safe Consider legality of the type of punishment to be used Obtain informed consent from parent guardian If presented non contingent on behavior punishment can Produce generalized response suppression Lead to escape avoidance of the punishing agent or situation in which punishment is delivered Elicit aggression and other emotional reactions Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind 1967 Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Rejecting Uninvolved Adulthood Physical Development Most adults are in good physical cognitive and emotional health Farsightedness nearsightedness loss in visual acuity Gradual hearing loss Decline in sensitivity to taste smell touch Decline in muscle strength and coordination due to loss of muscle mass Reaction time slows down Physical Changes Wrinkles may begin to appear by age 40 Thinning and graying of hair is evident Weight gain for many Bones become thinner and more brittle Joints become stiffer Temperature regulation and immune response may begin to weaken Gradual deterioration of memory reasoning language and finally physical functioning Changes in Female Reproductive Functioning Menopause approximately between 45 and 55 years Decrease in estrogen and progesterone Bone loss osteoporosis Hot flashes fatigue vaginal dryness urinary dysfunction Less intense sexual arousal less frequent and quicker orgasms End of reproduction Changes in Male Reproductive Functioning Male climacteric Testosterone production decreases gradually Loss of sexual arousal less frequent erections slower orgasm longer recovery between Usually associated with depression anxiety irritability insomnia fatigue memory loss ejaculations hair loss Adulthood and Stress Causes Both normative and non normative life events Daily hassles Multiple family responsibilities Work and finances Relationships Any positive or negative change
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