Psychology 1100 Midterm 2 Chapter Outline Each topic is the focus of each section from the book The guide follows a numerical order in which the chapters were taught This guide utilizes concepts and concept questions from Psychology 1100 Custom Edition for The Ohio State University Psychology by Shacter Gilbert and Wegner as well as The Ohio State University It also involves information learned from Professor Thomas s lectures Any of their work shown here is copyrighted and belongs to them respectively I do not own any of this information All images were acquired from Google images their respective sources Psychology 1100 Custom Edition for The Ohio State University Psychology by Shacter Gilbert and Wegner as well as The Ohio State University and they are also copyrighted and belong to them I do not own any of these images Again the book is Psychology 1100 Custom Edition The Ohio State University Second edition All information is from this book I own none of it and give full credit to its authors All definitions are from the book as well as most examples and almost all information given I own no information in this guide I simply put it into an outline format Page 218 230 Reading Notes 3 11 14 Psychology 1100 Chapter 6 Memory Memory The ability to store and retrieve information over time Three key functions of memory 1 Encoding The process by which we transform what we perceive think or feel into an 2 Storage The process of maintaining information over time 3 Retrieval The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously enduring memory encoded and stored Encoding Transforming Perceptions into Memories Memories are made by combining what we already have in our brains with new information that comes in through our senses Memories are constructed not recorded Elaborative Encoding Three types of judgments In this example words were used in the experiment 1 Semantic Judgment Requires a person to think about the meaning of the words 2 Rhyme Judgments Requires a person to think about the sound of the words 3 Visual Judgments Requires a person to think about the appearance of the words Semantic judgment provides the best memory of the three judgment types Elaborative encoding The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory Associated with increased activity in the lower left part of the front lobe and part of the left temporal lobe Below is an image of the three judgment types Visual imagery encoding The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures VIC for short Visual Imagery Encoding Works well for two main reasons 1 VIC does some of the same things elaborative encoding does a When a mental image is created it is related to knowledge already in memory 2 VIC when used for words and other verbal information puts the information in two different places a One visual and one verbal VIC takes place mainly in the occipital lobe Organizational Encoding Organization encoding The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items Example Going to the store and grouping into categories Fruit vegetables red meat chicken drinks Occurs in the upper left of the frontal lobe Encoding of Survival Related Information Memory mechanisms that help us survive and reproduce would be preserved by natural selection and passed down to future generations Three types of encoding done in an experiment 1 Survival imagine a survival situation and think of five words to recall and rate the words 2 Moving imagine a situation where you are moving and rate the words on how useful 1 5 how important they are to survival they might be in setting up a new home 3 Pleasantness encoding Asked to rate words based on how pleasant they are Survival encoding provided the best recollection of the words Below is a diagram showing the results of the experiment Storage Maintaining Memories over Time Storage is the process of maintaining information in memory over time Sensory Storage Sensory memory Holds sensory information for a few seconds or less Two main forms of sensory memory 1 Iconic memory A fast decaying store of visual information a Decays in about a second or less 2 Echoic memory A fast decaying store of auditory information a Decays in about 5 seconds Short Term Storage and Working Memory Short term memory Holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute Rehearsal The process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it Example Each time you repeat a telephone number you are putting it back into short term memory Chunking Combining small pieces of information into large clusters or chunks Related to organizational encoding categories chunks Working Memory Active maintenance of information in short term storage Example Keeping the arrangement of pieces on a chessboard in mind while you plan your next move Occurs in the frontal lob Long Term Storage Long term Memory Holds information for hours days weeks or years In comparison to sensory memory and short term memory long term memory has no storage capacity Below is an image of how sensory short term and long term memory relate The Role of the Hippocampus as Index Hippocampal region of the brain is where long term memory occurs not where they are saved but it s the index to sort information from the cortex Anterograde amnesia The inability to transfer new information from the short term memory to the long term memory Retrograde amnesia The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date usually the date of an injury of operation Becomes less important overtime like memorizing a recipe the first time you bake a pie you need the recipe but eventually you no longer need it Memory Consolidation Consolidation A process by which memories become stable in the brain The newer the memory the easier it is to disrupt Thinking acting and talking about something helps consolidate it Consolidated memories are able to disrupted when they are recalled Reconsolidation The consolidation of memories after they are recalled Hope is one day painful memories could be erased by having someone recall them and administering a drug while the memory is in mind thus erasing it while it is in a fragile stage of recollection Sleep contributes to memory consolidation by increasing hippocampal involvement in recall a couple days later and facilitating interaction of the hippocampus with the frontal