Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 4 8 11 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness of arousal Consciousness Awareness of external events and internal sensations while under a state o Awareness the subjective state of reflecting about yourself your thoughts and your experiences a form of Metacognition Metacognition physiological state of being engaged with the environment o Arousal thinking about thinking Levels of Awareness o Higher Level actively thinking and are alert and focused on tasks and goals Consciousness controlled processing in which individuals are Examples First learning to drive playing guitar reading o Lower Level Consciousness Automatic Processing and daydreaming which requires little attention and focus Examples Daydreaming typing eating a sandwich while driving States of Consciousness produced by drugs trauma and fatigue o Altered Examples being under the influence of drugs alcohol o Subconscious Awareness occurs when people are asleep and dreaming sometimes when we are awake Examples Blind sight Split Brain Patients cannot see anything unless it is moving and corpus callosum is cut severed o No Awareness occurs when knocked out or anesthetized Examples unconscious surgery blacked out Circadian Rhythms behaviors that synchronize with the 24 hour cycle of the day Examples sleep wake cycle body temp blood pressure blood sugar level o Biological Clock brain system that detects the passage of time using Internal and External cues and regulates body system accordingly Where is your biological clock Hypothalamus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus synchronize its rhythms with the daily cycle of light and dark o It s the SUPER hero that tells TIME using LIGHT uses input from the eyes to What happens if you remove the Suprachiasmatic nucleus When this is removed your body wants to be asleep awake asleep awake etc instead of being awake for a long period of time and then go to sleep for a long period of time Normal Sleep Pattern for Adult 8 hours Normal Sleep Pattern for Young Adults 9 10 hours o Effects of Sleep Deprivation Cranky irritable sleepy poor memory poor performance poor moral judgments and health costs o What happens when we disrupt our sleep wake cycle Travel Jet Lag working the night shift pulling all nighters insomnia o How can we reset our clocks 1 Sleep and wake up 2 Exposure to appropriate light and dark cues 3 Melatonin chemical in brain makes you sleepy at appropriate times Sleep o Studying Sleep EEG measures activity in brain EOG measures movement in muscles around the eyes EMG measures movement in arms and hands to show that we are in REM sleep due to paralyzed o Stages of WAKEFULNESS Higher Level Consciousness Alert attentive actively thinking Lower waves close together and short Beta Level Consciousness relaxed but awake daydreaming Alpha waves a little bigger and farther apart than Beta waves o Stages of SLEEP Stage 1 drowsy sleep easily woken head nod myoclonic jerks Myoclonic Theta Waves bigger and farther apart than alpha sleep waves Jerks falling dream and body jerks to wake up Stage 2 Quiet sleep decreased muscle activity irregular EEG Sleep Spindles sudden burst of high frequency waves K Complex Irregular Theta Waves Stage 3 4 Deep sleep difficult to rouse Reconstructive Restorative Delta Waves slow waves big and wide Dreaming and Paralysis occur in these stages REM Rapid Eye Movement brain pattern similar to lower level consciousness not a stage of sleep more of a type of sleep Desynchronized Alpha and Theta waves Characteristics of REM Sleep 1 Rapid Eye Movement 2 Skeletal muscle paralysis 3 Always Dreaming Sleep Disorders inability to fall asleep stay asleep or waking too early o Insomnia o Sleep Apnea individuals stop breathing while asleep o Sleep Walking and Talking somnambulism occurs during Non REM sleep Happens mostly in children o Night Terrors screaming sudden arousal from sleep accompanied by intense fear and Typically happens in children NOT nightmares Example Twilight New Moon she screams every night and her dad has to wake her up o Narcolepsy a REM sleep disorder involving sudden overwhelming urge to sleep o Cataplexy paralysis that accompanies REM sleep is suddenly turned on while person is awake Example Video example http www youtube com watch v 3MBCeKn0Oeo o Sleep Paralysis normal paralysis of REM sleep continues after person wakes up Behavior Disorder a mechanism controlling paralysis during REM sleep o REM fails to work so you act out your dreams Chapter 8 Human Development Human Development pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the lifespan o Developmental Psychologists Study things that are true for everyone all humans go through Universal Trait these things example puberty Individual Variation things that happen to you that make your development different Issues in Developmental Psychology 1 Nature vs Nurture how much do our genes we inherited effect our development vs how much does our environment effect our development Example adoptions 2 Change characteristics stay the same as we age vs Stability do our personal characteristics change as we age vs do our Example if we are a quiet child does that mean we are quiet as an adult 3 Stages vs Continuity do we see behavior change in discrete sudden shifts as we age vs do we see behavior change in a gradual continuum Two Developmental Research Designs 1 Cross Sectional Design several different age groups are studied at same time 2 Longitudinal Design one group of participants is studied over a long period of Advantages Cheaper quicker Disadvantages less powerful Cohort effects Cohort a generational commonality time Advantages more powerful Disadvantages Time money attrition Attrition dropping out or leaving a study Prenatal Development development of infant beginning with conception and ending with birth 3 Stages of Prenatal Germinal Period first 2 weeks after conception Massive cell division Ends with implantation into uterine wall Baby is called a zygote Embryonic Period weeks 3 8 after conception Massive cell differentiation Fetal Nutrients through the Placenta which works as a filter Baby is called an Embryo Period months 2 9 after conception Massive cell physical growth Full term is at 40 weeks Baby is called a Fetus Teratogen any agent that can cause a birth defect Critical Periods time when developing organs are most susceptible to birth defects Embryonic period is the most susceptible Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders FASD a
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