Ch 6 Memory Encoding and storage 11 8 12 2 08 PM Memory The retention of information or experiences over time Three Key Memory Processes Encoding Storage Retrieval writing it down filing it away bringing it back out Encoding 1st step in memory for later use Sometimes it happens automatically Sometimes it takes effort Encoding Processes Selective Attention Levels of processing Elaboration Mental Imagery The process of taking information in through your senses and translating it into a form that your brain can write down and store Selective Attention Focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others Constantly working Stimuli compete for our attention Characteristics of Selective Attention We can only fully attend to one thing at a time Items compete for our attention cocktail party effect Inattention leads to encoding failure Levels of Processing A continuum of memory processing ranging from shallow processing to deep processing Deep processing leads to better memory Shallow Levels of Processing physical features are analyzed Intermediate Deep recognition and labeling meaningful characteristics Elaboration The web of connections associations and relevant meanings given to a stimulus Mental Imagery Creating a mental story or scene around stimuli that we would like to remember Dual code Hypothesis Memory is stored in two ways verbal code and picture code Mental images are remembered better because it contains both picture and verbal codes Three Key Memory Processes Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval writing it down filing it away bringing it back out Storage 2nd Step in Memory represented in memory Atkinson Shiffrin Model of Memory Box Model Sensory Memory Short term Memory Long term Memory Memory Storage How is information retained over time and Sensory Memory First step of memory storage process Holds information in your mind for a very brief period of time Echoic sensory memory Auditory sensory memory that lasts up Iconic sensory memory Visual sensory memory that lasts about to several seconds a quarter of a second Short term Memory Limited capacity memory system which stores information for approximately 30 seconds without effort Also called working memory Capacity of Short term Memory Digit span test We retain 7 cid 156 2 items of information Effects of Chunking Duration of Short term Memory Without effort around 30 seconds Effects of Rehearsal Effects of Distractors Storage Three Parts of Working Memory Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuospatial Working Memory Working Memory Alternative way of explaining short term memory Long term Memory Last step in the memory storage process in which we can store unlimited amounts of information for a long time Two Types of Long term Memory Declarative or Explicit Memory Nondeclarative or Implicit Memory Declarative or Explicit Memory Conscious memories for people places events facts dates feelings and explanations Memory for who what where when and why Episodic Memory for events in your life Autobiographical memory Semantic Memory about the world General common knowledge Nondeclarative or Implicit Memory Nonconscious memories for skills procedures subliminal information and classically conditioned responses How do we know that there are two types of LTM Memory for how Question Answer Henry M Clive Wearing Retrieval Last step in memory The process of bringing information out of long term storage and into conscious awareness Retrieval cues Means by which people retrieve information from long term memory The more cues that are associated with the memory the easier it will be to retrieve Context specific memory People will recall information better if the context in which the information is learned is the same as when it is being Primacy effect remember from beginning Recency effect memory at the end recalled Serial Position Effects Question not the middle Answer Beginning items are in long term memory Last items are still in short term memory Why do people remember the words at the beginning and end but What would happen if you were distracted for about 30 seconds just after I finished reading the list and then you tried to recall the list It would eliminate the recency effect Flashbulb memories Vivid memories for highly significant traumatic or emotional experiences and events Why are flashbulb memories so easy to encode and seem to be so Question items Answer Question vivid Answer Forgetting Assumption Amygdala working with the hippocampus As time passes we forget How much do we forget How quickly does it occur Ebbinghaus and Forgetting Most forgetting occurs In the first hour after learning Question Answer Why can t we always retrieve everything that is stored in long term memory especially older memories One theory Interference Retroactive Interference New information interferes with our ability to remember old information Example Your new phone number interferes with your ability to remember your old one Proactive Interference information Old information interferes with our ability to remember new Example All of the times you took your daily pills in the past interfere with your ability to remember if you took it today Are any of the episodes and events that we experience recalled with Question Answer complete accuracy No Memories are reconstructions based solely on sensory input that was successfully encoded and successfully retrieved False Memories occur over time Question Inaccuracies and distortions of our reconstructed memories that When we retrieve a memory it is susceptible to contamination by newly presented stimuli and information What about flashbulb memories Are they more accurate and resistant to contamination Answer Nope Three Types of Amnesia Infantile Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia
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