Ch 5 Learning 10 23 12 2 04 PM Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process resulting from practice or experience The brain is changing your behavior it involves neurons that change ads a result of some experience Change in behavior Relatively permanent Not plasticity which is you can change back your behavior Not maturation Classical Pavlovian Conditioning Associations between two stimuli together Operant Conditioning Associations between a response and its consequences Observational Learning Learning by watching others Classical Conditioning A learning process in which two stimuli become associated and cause a change in behavior Reflex genetically wired responses to specific environmental stimuli S R Pavlovian conditioning o Learning to associate pre existing S R relationships to new stimuli o A fundamental building block of learning o Basic to how animals adapt to their environment o Shown by virtually all animals Choose two stimuli o Stimulus 1 neutral no response o Stimulus 2 meaningful response Conditioning Procedure o Stimulus 1 Stimulus 2 o Stimulus 1 response Ivan Pavlov between stimuli classical conditioning o Two Stimuli Bell Meaningful No response Food Neutral Salivation o Two Stimuli Scientist that systematically studied how we form associations Bell Food Results Bell Salivation Four things in Pavlov s Experiment o Stimulus that starts out neutral o Meaningful stimulus o Innate response to meaningful stimulus o Learned response to previously neutral stimulus Four things in Pavlov s Experiment o Conditioned Stimulus CS Stimulus that starts out neutral o Unconditioned Stimulus US Meaningful stimulus o Unconditioned Response UR Innate response to meaningful stimulus o Conditioned Response CR Learned response to previously neutral stimulus Stimulus generalization Stimuli that are similar to the CS will also elicit the conditioned response to some degree Acquisition acquiring a new response Extinction conditioning response gets less and less unsparing Spontaneous Recovery stopped giving response for a little and them then give it again Delayed Conditioning showing the stimulus then the US Trace Conditioning brake between the two stimuli Simultaneous Conditioning Two stimuli at the same time Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning in Real Life o AutoShaping o Conditioned Fear o Taste Aversion Learning o Taste Acquisition Fear Conditioning acquisition of fear to new stimuli o Ex Tone shock Tone freezing Conditioned Taste Aversion learn to dislike particular taste when it has caused illness in the past paired with food Autoshaping Question Answer Conditioned Fear Question experience Answer Phobias Question Answer o Ex Curry taste illness Curry avoid Autoshaping pigeons will peck at a key that has previously been o Ex key light food key light pecks at key o As a result of CS US pairings subjects begin to treat the CS like they would the US o Does autoshaping happen in people o To some extent yes o Can you think of an example o How about o Are we born with our fears or do we acquire them through o Innate reflexive responses to stimuli o Learned feelings of fear to stimuli o Irrational extreme fears o Maybe we acquire them through classical conditioning experiences as well o If we acquire phobias through classical conditioning then how might we get rid of a phobia o Extinction training o Systematic desensitization o Flooding Taste Aversion Learning eat something get sick and you don t like Taste Acquisition taste don t like makes you feel good and then them anymore you want it more Question o Why does taste aversion learning occur so quickly and last for so long Answer Garcia Experiment o We are more biologically prepared to make certain types of associations quickly and permanently o Group 1 Taste of food pellets shock o Group 2 Size of food pellets shock o Group 3 Taste of food pellets illness o Group 4 Size of food pellets illness What do you think happened Conclusions o We are more biologically prepared to make an internal sensation internal state association like taste and illness and an external sensation external state association like size and shock o We are NOT biologically prepared to make internal sensation external state association or vice versa Operant Conditioning o A learning process in which a behavior becomes associated with a consequence o As a result of this association the consequence influences the probability of that behavior occurring again in the future Edward L Thorndike Law of Effect o Scientist that first demonstrated the power of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior o If a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated If a behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend not to be repeated Context Behavior Consequence o Consequences serve to strengthen or weaken the S R connection o Thorndike called this type of voluntary learning Instrumental conditioning Context Behavior Consequence o Consequences serve to strengthen or weaken the box lever o Extremely influential scientist associated with further defining operant conditioning and using it to modify and control connection B F Skinner behavior Behaviorism o Behavior changes through rewards and punishments o Can only know that which is directly observable o No speculation about what is going on in the mind Context Behavior Consequence Types of Consequences Appetitive Aversive o Good things such as food o Bad things such as shock Context Behavior Consequence Types of Contingencies Positive Negative o Behavior leads to receiving the consequence o Behavior leads to the absence or removal of a consequence Context Behavior Consequence o The nature of the consequence appetive vs aversive and the nature of the contingency positive vs negative determines whether the response will be o Reinforcement o Punishment More likely to occur responding Less likely to occur responding o How do you reward a behavior that never occurs Question Answer o Shaping Rewarding successive approximations of the goal behavior until the goal behavior has been mastered Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement o Reinforcement occurs after every target response o Sometimes the target response is reinforced and sometimes it is not reinforced Partial Reinforcement Schedules Fixed Ratio FR o There is a set number of times that you must make the response before you are reinforced Fixed Interval FI o
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