Chapter 3 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template Fill in this outline in lecture then use your textbook to add to it Notes from just the lecture are not enough to do well in this class 1 What general announcements and follow ups are there 2 How should I be using the Learning Outcomes of the textbook 3 What is a biomolecule What is a macromolecule Is there a difference between biomolecules and macromolecules 4 What are the four biomolecules By the end of the chapter you should know Table 3 1 except for terpenes and prostaglandins 5 What are properties of carbon that make it good for creating biological molecules 6 What is a functional group Why are functional groups important in biology 7 What is an isomer Provide an example Molecules with the same molecular empirical formula Glucose 8 Define monomer and polymer Know the monomer of each of the 4 biomolecules Polymer built by linking monomers Monomer small similar chemical subunits 9 Describe with examples dehydration reactions and also hydrolysis Again why are these important 10 Carbohydrates Dehydration synthesis formation of large molecules by the removal of water Hydrolysis breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water Function energy storage and structural molecules Molecules with a 1 2 1 of C H O Empirical formula CH2O C H covalent bonds hold much energy Structural molecules include cellulose and chitin Monosaccharides Simplest carbohydrate Glucose and other 6 carbon sugars that play important roles in energy storage Fructose and Galactose are isomers of glucose Enzymes that act on different sugars can distinguish isomers of this basic six carbon skeleton Disaccharides Polsaccharides 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis Used for sugar transport or energy storage Sucrose lactose maltose Long chains of monosaccharides Linked through dehydration synthesis Chapter 3 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template What atoms in what ratio do all carbohydrate molecules contain a What are carbohydrates used for in living things b What are examples in plants and animals 11 Answer the above questions for monosaccharides simple sugars disaccharides and polysaccharides 12 Nucleic acids a What are the two types of nucleic acids RNA DNA Information molecules Polymers nucleic acids Monomers nucleotides b What are the components of all nucleic acids c What are nucleic acids used for in living things d What are examples in plants and animals 13 What is the function of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid What are important structural components of this molecule Necleotides connected by strong covalent bonds Bases by weaker hydrogen bonds Nitrogenous bases include Purines Adenine and guanine double ring Pyrimidines thymine cytosine uracil only in RNA single ring Encodes information for amino acid sequence of proteins Double helix 2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds Sequence of bases Base pairing rules A with T or U in RNA C with G 14 What is the function of RNA Ribonucleic Acid What are important structural components of this molecule RNA similar to DNA except Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose Contains uracil instead of thymine Single polynucleotide strand RNA uses information in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins 15 Compare the structure and function of DNA to RNA 16 List two important nucleotides Chapter 3 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template 17 What is the structure function importance of ATP Adenosine triphosphate Primary energy currency of the cell NAD and FAD Electrons carriers for many cellular reactions 18 Proteins a What are the seven functions of proteins 1 Enzyme catalysis 2 Defense cells recognize our cells and foreign cells 3 Transport glucose and oxygen hemoglobin in blood transports to the body 4 Support calogen in the blue whale to help support bones 5 Motion 6 Regulation insulin hormone that regulates sugar levels 7 Storage b What are key examples of proteins Polymers composed of 1 or more long unbranched chains Each chain is a polypeptide Amino acids are monomers Amino acid structure Central carbon atom Amino group Carboxyl group Single hydrogen Variable R group Amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis Peptide bond covalent bond c What is the monomer unit of proteins d What is a polypeptide e What is the structure of an amino acid f What is a peptide bond g How are amino acids joined together to form proteins h Describe the four levels of structure of proteins Primary sequence of amino acids can fold into a pleated sheet or turn into a helix Secondary interaction of groups in the peptide backbone due to hydrogen bonds Tertiary final folded shape of a globular protein Stabilized by a number of forces Final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain i Quaternary arrangement of individual chains In a general sense know what motifs domains and chaperones are Motifs common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides Useful in determining the function of unknown proteins Domains functional units within a larger structure Most proteins made of multiple domains the preform different parts of the protein s functions Chaperones once thought newly made proteins folded spontaneously Chapter 3 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template Proteins help protein fold correctly Deficiencies in chaperone proteins implicated in certain diseases Cystic fibrosis is hereditary disorder In some individuals protein appears to have correct amino acid sequence but fails to fold j What is denaturation and what causes it 19 Lipids a Definitions define and give examples lipids fats triglyceride saturated unsaturated polyunsaturated phospholipids b What are the functions of lipids c What is the function of phospholipids d What are the three components of phospholipids 20 I like the Apply questions at the end of the Chapter Be sure you are doing these Answers are in Connect in the End of Chapter Quiz 21 Denaturation Protein loses structure and function Due to environmental conditions pH Temperature Ionic concentration of solution