Study Guide Exam 2 CHAPTER 8 what we require for life a state in which energy intake equals energy expenditure Energy balance Positive energy balance taking in more than you need Negative energy balance taking in less than we acquire Adipokines hormone like substances produced and released by adipocytes Adipocytes cells full of fat the more we eat the bigger they get Found in adipose tissue Hypertrophic growth process as an adipocyte fills with triglycerides its size increases Visceral Adipose Tissue abdominal fat surrounds and protects organs Subcutaneous adipose tissue Hypothalamus part of the brain that regulates hunger satiety Hunger basic physiological drive to consume food Satiety Know understand figure 8 4 underneath the skin satisfied Gastric Banding Side effects Gastric bypass risks complications heartburn abdominal pain vomiting can be reversed The heavier you are the harder to heal the wound Dumping syndrome diarrhea nausea and nutritional deficiency Cant be reversed Can still gain weight Tryptophan releases serotonin makes us feel relaxed Components of TEE Total energy expenditure TEE how much energy you need to sustain life how much energy does it take to digest food Three components basal metabolism physical activity thermic effect of food TEE Calculate BMI and know the standards for normal weight obesity BMI weight lb height in 2 X 703 1 Underweight 18 5 kg m2 Healthy weight 18 5 24 9 kg m2 Overweight 25 0 29 9 kg m2 Obese 30kg m2 Recommendations for women men waist circumference Males less than 40 inches Females less than 35 inches Leptin parabiosis experiments Approaches to weight loss health weight loss and maintenance programs setting reasonable goals slow and steady weight loss choose nutritious foods in moderation hunger and satiety cues increasing energy expenditure by daily activity Disordered eating causes signs symptoms treatment Anorexia nervosa irrational fear of gaining weight self worth 2 types restricting binge eating purging Symptoms intolerance to cold brittle nails fainting dizziness fatigue dry skin dry hair hair loss low BP Risks maybe reversible decline in estrogen reproductive function bone health death slow heard rate and BP Bulimia nervosa Signs fluctuating body weight swollen puffy face odor of vomit on breath or bathroom sores around mouth irregular bowel function inducement of vomiting after eating Binging compulsive consumption purging forms Eating disorders not otherwise specified EDNOS Bing eating disorder nocturnal sleep related easting disorder night eating syndrome food neophobia muscle dysmorphia CHAPTER 3 Peristalsis a vigorous propulsive movement waves of muscular contractions that move materials in the GI tract in a forward direction Function of gastric acid breaks down food Causes of diarrhea food borne illness flu lack of immunization bacterial or viral contaminated water malnourished chromes disease Causes of constipation lack of fiber low activity level over eating Functions of Salivary glands releases a mixture of water mucus and enzymes Functions of mouth digestion begins w mouth w chewing and mixing food Functions of esophagus delivers food to stomach dysphagia gastroesophageal sphincter transit time less than 10 min Functions of stomach mixes foods w gastric secretions allows temporary food storage gastric secretions help liquefy solid foods gastric mixing helps form chyme Functions of small intestine prime site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption Functions of Large Intestine stores and eliminates solid waste products from the body breakdown of undigested residue reduces vitamin K makes lipids protects us from infection Saliva helps break down food a secretion released into the mouth by the salivary glands moistens food and starts the process of digestion Enzymes for digestion Dysphagia difficulty swallowing Mastication chewing and grinding of food by the teeth to prepare for swallowing Digestive disorders irritable bowel syndrome IBS Inflammatory bowel disease IBD ulcerative colitis Crohn s disease PH Scale Transport systems biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions that breakdown complex food particles neutral 7 basic 7 acidic 7 Passive Transport does not require energy Active Transport requires energy Osmosis active transport water crosses cell membrane freely goes from low to high Facilitated Diffusion active transport assisted by transport protein helps it cross the cell membranes Simple Diffusion active diffusion substances that cross a cell membrane from high to low concentration Tissues and their importance Epithelial Tissue a protective layer on bodily surfaces and lines internal organs ducts and cavities Connective Tissue tissue that supports connects and anchors body structure Muscle Tissue contracts and shortens when stimulated playing an important role in movement Neural Tissue plays a role in communication by receiving and responding to stimuli Gastrointestinal tract hollow tube that runs from mouth to anus a tubular passage that runs from the mouth to the anus that includes several organs that participate in the process of digestion Accessory organs salivary glands pancreas liver gall bladder Tissue layers of the GI tract Mucosa lining of GI tract made up of epithelial cells Life span 2 5 days Submucosa a layer of tissue that lies between mucosa and muscularis tissue layers rich supply of blood vessels Muscularis layer of tissue in GI tract that consists of at least 2 layers of smooth muscle Serosa connective tissue outer layer secretes fluid that lubricates digestive organs secretes fluid that lubricates digestive organs Transit time the amount of time between the consumption of food and its elimination as solid waste 24 72 hours Sphincters Circular bands of smooth muscle that act like one way valves regulating the flow of the luminal contents from one organ to the next GI secretions o Mucus saliva enzymes GI hormones bile pancreatic juice gastric juice o Secretions that are released from GI organs water acid electrolytes mucus salt enzymes bile bicarbonate o Bicarbonate neutralized the acid from the pancreas GI hormones play communicative roll in process of digestion by acting as chemical messengers alert other organs to the impending arrival of food Facilitates communication regulates GI motility release of GI secretions Cardiovascular system and circulation of nutrients 2 separate loos systemic circulation begins and ends at heard and delivers blood to all organs except the