General Chemistry CHM 1045 Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions H2 O is the universal solvent Green solvent o Cheap o Everywhere o Nontoxic Solution o Solute o Solvent homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances substance present in smaller amounts substance present in larger amounts Aqueous solution water is the solvent o Solutes will be Electrolyte electricity Nonelectrolyte when dissolved in water substance that when dissolved in water conducts substance that does not conduct electricity o Ionic compounds are strong electrolytes because they dissolve dissociate in and ions in H2O Ex NaCl s H 2 O Na aq Cl aq o Arrow indicates complete dissociation Strong acids are also good electrolytes HCl g H2 O H aq Cl aq Weak electrolytes do not completely dissociate Ex Ex Acetic acid CH 3 COOH aq H 2 OCH 3 COO aq H aq Double arrow signifies reversible reaction equilibrium arrows Types of Reactions RXNs 1 Precipitation reactions 2 Acid base reactions 3 Oxidation reduction reaction redox Precipitation reaction a precipitate insoluble product is formed Pb NO3 2 aq 2 KI aq PbI 2 s 2 KNO3 s Notice that Pb2 and K ions exchanged anions double displacement o Ex reaction or metathesis reaction Whether or not a precipitate ppt will form is based on its solubility o Solubility of solvent at a certain temperature Max amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity Ions that are not involved in precipitate formation are called spectator ions 2 I aq PbI 2 s 2 K s 2 3 NO3 aq 2 NO3 s 2 K aq Pb aq o Ex o Since they are on both sides of the equation they can be eliminated to give our net ionic equation Pb aq 2 2 I aq PbI s
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