Psychology Final Study Guide Chapter 13 Social Cognition I Impression Formation and Attribution II Perceiving and Evaluating the Self III Personal and Social Identities IV Stereotyping and Prejudice Chapter 14 Social Influence I Conformity II Obedience III Compliance Example Campus Riots 1 Internal Attribution behaving because of something internal they always behave that way dispositional factors 2 External Attribution not the type of person they are but a situation is making them act that way situational factors Biases in Attribution rely on shortcuts when deciding why someone acts the way they do usually incorrect Person Bias underestimating the effects of the situation on other s behavior unaware of situational factors Fundamental Attribution Error Biases in Explaining Own Behavior situational factors are generally more apparent to actors than to observers actor observer bias Social Perception we continually seek to know and understand others determine what others are feeling figure out who is lying form impressions of others Attributions inferences made about the causes of behavior we make attributions when we ask ourselves why someone acted a certain way Understanding Behavior we see what we want expect to see People we like Attractiveness Halo Effect associate physical attractiveness with other desirable qualities what is beautiful is good Internal reckless individuals prone to violence riots would not happen without them External confrontational police forced students to act up in response Example rough Princeton vs Dartmouth game 1 week later fans had completely different views on what happened can seemingly do no wrong attractive people tall people similar others 1 Unrealistic self evaluations we generally believe we are above average on favorable attributes personal attributes linked to favorable outcomes 2 Unrealistic optimism we believe we are more likely to experience positive events feel like we deserve positive outcomes 3 Illusion of Control people believe they can control outcomes that they have no influence over rolling dice in a casino harder for higher numbers People tend to take credit for success and to distance themselves from failure bad outcomes blamed on others or situation Self Concept all the things that make up who we are not all self info is accessible all the time situations heighten accessibility of information Self judgments tend to be self serving Self Esteem although often talked about as being high or low it is a continuous variable an evaluation of oneself Self Fulfilling Prophecies when we have beliefs about others we are going to treat them in a way to get them to act in line with what we expect of them Independent Self Construal being consistent and true to self others Interdependent Self Construal self is connected with Example teacher made aware of few students with high aptitude for learning being told the person on the phone is attractive or not High Stability base their self esteem on relatively Low Stability base their self esteem on is most important individualistic countries and defined by relationships with those people ever changing situational factors constant internal factors Personal Identity characteristics we believe are most important define who we are Social Identity groups we belong to Large groups satisfy belongingness similarity but will not satisfy distinctiveness belong Small groups will satisfy distinctiveness needs but not satisfy the need to A group that satisfies both needs is one where the person is optimally distinct individualization Ingroups groups we identify with Outgroups groups other than our own Stereotyping pictures in our heads basis for prejudice or negative judgments Measuring Prejudice 1 Explicit self report measures directly ask if people like dislike certain groups 2 Implicit reaction time measures Affective Priming Procedures tries to get inside people s heads and measure automatic evaluations IAT Test measures automatic associations of different categories with good and bad easier to group together things associated Example SherifAutokinetic Effect Study 2 Normative Influence people conform because they fear the negative consequences of appearing different Social Norms understood by members of a group guide social behavior Why people conform 1 Informational Influence people conform because they believe others are correct in their actions or judgments Example Asch Line Length Study Two types of conformity 1 Private Acceptance person privately accepts position taken by others Deindividualiztion people in a large group feel a loss of personal identity Conformity influenced by group size awareness of norms and unanimity 2 Public Conformity superficial change in behavior without a change of opinion People feel less accountable for their actions people no longer self aware having an ally in dissent subjects converged on a common estimate after several trial for how far light traveled confederates gave the wrong answer participant had to decide to conform or give right answer When behavior is influenced by the commands of an authority figure following direct orders instead of choosing to follow a request Stanley Milgram Adolph Eichmann was on trial for his Nazi war crimes Milgram studied if he was simply just following orders Milgram Study the teacher delivered shocks increased with each wrong answer to the learner Demonstrated that normal people have potential to be influenced by authority figures and behave inconsistently to their values Change in behavior due to a direct request Norm of Reciprocity if someone does you a favor you from another person return the favor cancel out feelings of debt Free Gift Technique giving a no strings attached gift Door in the Face Technique ask for a big favor follow by asking smaller favor That s Not All Technique offer something desirable then sweeten the deal before the offer is rejected values and follow through Foot in the Door Technique Low Ball Technique ask for something small then ask for something larger once they agree Norm of Consistency people generally act according to their Liking Norm if you like someone you should help them out even if you have only known them for a short time Norm of Scarcity if something is scarce it is seen as more valuable rare or going fast or impulsively Norm of Authority when an authority figure asks you to do something you go along with what he or she says get someone to agree to a request then add restrictions or higher
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