Psych 101 Final Exam Review Consciousness the quality or state of being aware of an external object or something within oneself PART 1 7 CHAPTER 10 Pathologies in consciousness various degrees of unconsciousness as well as unusual pathology discussed Consciousness as a threshold phenomenon consciousness is all or none level of awareness related to brain activity more brain activity more aware Consciousness as a construction sees something reconstruct it then become aware of it implicit memory Unconscious subliminal perceptions affect us do not recall many things in Sleep cycles 2 3 4 low activity in middle 3 2 REM Stage 1 inhib Signals begin to prevent messages from spreading to brain Stage 2 sleep spindles EEG marks exchange info b t cortex and thalamus more messages higher IQ number Stage 3 Paradoxical sleep rapid eye movement sleep REM sleep eyes move in this stage Brain is active but body is virtually paralyzed More sleep more REM Circadian rhythm a rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about a day changes level of alertness called by suprachiasmatic nucleus The brain regions and specific centers that control sleep and how it happens The theories surrounding dreams including that of Freud as well as more modern theories Freud s theory dreams reveal the unconscious manifest content appears on the surface vs latent content that are hidden ideas that are seen in symbols said a psychoanalyst could determine the symbolism in the dream of a patient no evidence to support his theory on the decline Activation synthesis theory brain is activated by pons during REM cortex stimuli story dreams are not random Neurocognitive theory state of altered consciousness in sleep dreams are a mystery they just represent a kind of thinking Exam question The pineal gland is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and secretes melatonin Theories of motivation PART 2 7 CHAPTER 11 Drive A state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior or another until one of them removes the irritation Drive Reduction Theory 1940s 1950s asserts that people are only motivated by a desire to reduce irritation Problem Once all needs are filled people are still motivated Homeostasis The maintenance of an optimal level of biological conditions within an organism Theory We desire homeostasis Problem We plan for the future e g heavy breakfast when we aren t hungry Revised Description allostasis The maintenance of an optimal level of biological conditions that vary with an individual s needs Incentives external stimuli that pull us toward certain actions Most motivated behaviors are driven by a drive and an incentive e g you eat because you are hungry drive and you see delicious food incentive Intrinsic Motivations Performing an act for it s own sake Reading a book Extrinsic Motivations Done for a reward e g studying for a test Overjustification effect When people receive more extrinsic motivation than is necessary to perform a task their intrinsic motivation declines Maslow s Hierarchy of needs an organization from the most insistent needs to the ones that receive attention only when all other needs are under control Physiological needs safety needs belongingness love needs esteem needs self actualization Conflict resolved due to Maslow s hierarchy of needs Delay of Gratification Choice between a small immediate reward or a larger delayed reward Hunger and Satiety short term signals from stomach and hormones empty stomach ghrelin hunger makes you produce more glucose source of energy more insulin more glucose into cells bloodstream Long term signals set point body fights to maintain this weight more body fat more leptin signals satiety Brain region s associated with hunger hypothalamus regulates perceptions of food handles hunger satiety signals Abnormal eating combination of social and physiological influences Obesity excessive accumulation of body fat BMI s over 25 overweight over 30 obese over 40 extremely obese factors in obesity emotional problems genetics behavioral issues portion size in US Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa not eating 1 of women and 0 5 of men more in upper middle class families Bulimia throwing up Kinsey study large sample asked about sexual behaviors 1948 things are different then they were before Masters Johnson study found similarities in arousal b t men and women 1966 stages excitement plateau climax or orgasm resolution Sexual identities the sex that a person regards him or herself as being Sexual orientation someone s tendency to respond sexually to male or female partners or both or neither influenced by hormones during development Differences between homosexual men and homosexual women most homosexual men know they are gay before adolescence while women often develop lesbian orientation in young adulthood later in life women are more likely to be bisexual Microexpressions very brief sudden emotional expressions can reveal hidden emotions PART 3 7 CHAPTER 12 Sympathetic nervous systems two chains of neuron clusters to the left and right of the spinal cord arouses the body for vigorous action Parasympathetic nervous system axons extend from the medulla and lower part of the spinal cord near organs Decreases heart rate and promotes digestion other non emergency functions Various theories of emotion The James Lange Theory of Emotions your interpretation of a stimulus evokes autonomic changes and sometimes muscle actions i e your perception of your action is the emotion Schacter and Singer s theory of emotions The intensity of the physiological state the degree of NS arousal determines the intensity of the emotions 6 basic emotions Happiness sadness anger fear disgust and surprise Duchenne smile universal smile Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive imagine and understand emotions and to use that information in making decisions Fear response to Immediate danger Anxiety vague lasting sense of impending doom Brain region associated with fear Amygdala Startle response stronger in people with anxiety issues GAD PTSD Sexual aggression Most common acts of violence Women commit more acts but men inflict more damage Influences on happiness genetic money attractiveness weather happiness of friends age older happier Selye s Concept of Stress 1973 Stress is the non specific response of the body to any demand made upon it Example getting married divorced promoted at work Non examples lifelong poverty illness Stress comes from events Direct and Indirect influences of stress on health
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