Chapter 7 Learning Habit Hobby Fear Skill Information Learning experience permanent change in behavior Stimulus response eg food drooling aids in digestion Many responses natural associations that aids in the survival Ivan Pavlov Medical doctor saliva s role in digestion An accidental discovery dogs drooling before given food Classical conditioning Dogs started associating the particular stimuli music noises lights to the response of drooling using different stimuli it worked in evoking a response Meat salivation no conditioning required Bell no salivation novel stimulus not natural Bell given meat salivation done many times for conditioning Bell salivation Unlearned natural pairing natural stimulus Unconditional Stimulus natural reaction Unconditional Response Stimulus has nothing to do with the response Neutral Stimulus Learning Associations Commence the pairing NS US UR Hear bell NS Food US Drool UR After this is done for a while Anticipation NS anticipation of US Hear the bell assume food is coming drooling in anticipation Now the bell Conditioned Stimulus CS drooling conditioned response CR They have made the pairing that bell CS means food will be given so they start drooling CR Anxiety phobias Taste aversion bad food makes us sick resto bad food makes us sick resto makes us sick Addiction and recovery smoking paired with certain ppl or environment so if you are in the vicinity of the stimulus you want to smoke Physiological processes Arousal fetishes onion breath example Also affects emotions Certain factors affect when or how long these last Acquisition 1st stage of learning something Stimulus contiguity NS US need be close to each other in time Extinction weakening disappearance of CR Can be used to break bad habits Time to extinguish the habit depends on the strength of the conditioning smoking for 10 years is very hard to let go Spontaneous Recovery Recovered response is weak Extinction SUPPRESSES but may not eliminate the response behavior Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination Operant Conditioning Example white rat NS loud noises US afraid of rats CR Generalization afraid of white or fluffy things mugged by blond man scared of other blond men but not dark haired guys voluntary responses consequences B F Skinner Behaviorist Behaviors are predictable Organisms seek ve outcomes Repeat behaviors with that outcome Ex pigeon ping pong mouse pushing the lever The Skinner Box apparatus used to condition animals Shaping gradual pairing of desired behaviors with outcomes We are rewarding desired behavior Reinforcement strengthen a response ve slot machines behavior results in a reward Strengthened rat given food when pulled the lever paycheck is a reward for our work ve alarm clock behavior stops unpleasant stimulus strengthened parents nag you so you do the things they as to stop the nagging children s tantrums NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IS NOT PUNISHMENT PUNISHMENT consequence weakens the response yelling or hitting a child removing something ve like losing privileges Reinforcers Primary Reinforcer direct biological need food water warmth sex affection Secondary reinforce indirect reinforce helps acquire primary reinforcer money good grades attention Flattery praise Continuous reinforcement Always happens Predictable outcomes Fast learning Shorter lasting effect easier to extinguish Stop reinforcing stop behaving Intermittant reinforcement Sometimes Not as predictable Takes longer to learn Longer lasting effect because of its unpredictability Slot machines What do you base your reinforcement schedule on Interval Schedules Ratio sequences 1 Fixed interval same amount of time predictably often 2 Variable interval varying time intervals unpredictably often 1 Fixed same of responses get a free coffee after 10 bought coffees 2 Variable not the same of responses slot machines in casino Observational Learning Monkey see Monkey do Albert Bendura Learning not always based on our own experiences can learn based on others action or outcomes Bobo doll a study of aggression Playing video game CAN increase violent behavior not always exposure leads to desensitization watching violent crimes rape etc more often leads to desensitivity to such issues o Chapter 8 Memory Memory hanging on to info over time 2 processes Storage Retrieval Prone to error o Learning is uselss without memory o o Near unending storage capacity o Makes us who we are but can be flawed 3 steps of memory 1 Encoding forming a memory Consciousness need to be aware Limited attention narrow range of awareness Dividing your attention bad Levels of processing theory Process deeply longer lifespan Levels of Processing Different tasks Judging fonts structural encoding shallow processing Judging sounds phonemic encoding intermediate processing Judging meaning semantic encoding deep processing Improve Encoding ELABORATE Link concepts to others examples connections with life purpose of clips eg more links VISUAL IMAGERY abstract objects more harder to remember 2 Storage keeping maintaining info over time 3 Retrieval recovering info from memory Sensory memory Iconic photographic memory take in full picture for a very short time Echoic what did I just say Memory drift off during convos 3 4 second linger can remember last few seconds of it before being undrafted Short term memory
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