Personality a distinctive pattern of behavior thoughts motives and emotions that are consistent in an individual over time Personality Traits Long term disposition to behave in particular ways in a variety of situations Cattel s Theory of Personality Studied traits using factor analysis Developed the 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire Examples Are you more reserved or outgoing Relaxed or Tense Trusting or Suspicious McRae and Costa Developed the Big Five Personality Traits believe most personality traits fall under these categories OCEAN Openness Is open to novel experiences Has narrow interests is a person original imaginative artistic creative and how open one is to things Conscientiousness Is responsible and dependable Is impulsive and careless fussy vs careless responsible vs not Extraversion Is outgoing and decisive Is shy and withdrawn how frank or open you are with things Agreeableness Is warm and good natured Is unfriendly and cold jealous or mild gentle or head strong Neuroticism Is stable and not a worrier Is nervous and emotionally unstable calm vs anxious Pyschoticism coldness impulsiveness antisocial behavior psychotic behavior Psychodynamic Theory Freud s Psychoanalytical Theory Focuses on the influences of early childhood Emphasis on the unconscious motives conflicts Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges Freud s Basic Structure of Personality impulses dominated by pleasure avoid pain Id Ego Superego Freud s Stage Theory Oral Stage voice of reason mediator of id superego helps find compromises moral component of personality rigid standards Birth 1 Year Sexual Interests at This Stage Sucking swallowing biting Effects of Fixation Lasting concerns with dependence and independence pleasure from eating drinking and other oral activities Anal Stage 1 3 Years Sexual Interests at This Stage Expelling feces Retaining Feces Effects of Fixation Orderliness Stinginess Stubbornness Phallic Stage 3 5 6 Years Sexual Interests at This Stage Touching penis or clitoris Oedipus complex Effects of Fixation Difficulty feeling closeness Males Fear of Castration Females Penis Envy feel inferior to boys 5 6 Puberty Latency Period Sexual Interests at This Age Sexual Interests Suppressed Genital Stage Puberty Onward Sexual Interests at This Age Sexual contact with other people Defense Mechanism Responses to anxiety which is caused by internal conflicts attempts to reduce distress of anxiety guilt Examples of Defense Mechanisms Displacement Displacing feelings on someone safer like a kid instead of a boss Rationalization I should study but studying doesn t help so lets party Denial Acting younger than used to wetting beds sucking thumbs adults and temper tantrums Carl Jung Analytical Psychology Freudian influenced Personal Unconscious Material which one has repressed or forgotten from personal experiences Collective Unconscious traces of inherited memories from one s ancestral past archetypes or images and thoughts with universal meaning Adler Individual Psychology Stresses the motivation for superiority Universal attempt to improve oneself and master life s challenges Everyone must overcome feelings of weakness in comparison to Inferiority Complex competent adults siblings Dad I m your favorite aren t I Compensation Overcompensation Efforts to develop one s own abilities in response to inferiorities Attempts to conceal one s own feelings of inferiority In Shrek he says about Lord Farquad I think someone is trying to overcompensate for something since Lord Farquad is very short and has a large castle Reciprocal Determinism Bandura Reinforcement history and cognitive thinking influence behavior We see what we expect to see We place ourselves in places which we will confirm our beliefs Social Cognitive and Behavioral Theories Self Efficacy belief one can set out to accomplish tasks goals Acquired from 4 Sources Mastery of new skills overcome obstacles Riding a bike falling off and getting right back on Successful and competent role models Positive feedback and encouragement Awareness of feelings manage responses Locus of Control Rotter Internal Locus of Control them other people External Locus of Control People believe they are responsible for what happens to People believe their lives are controlled by luck fate or Mischel s Person by Situation Interaction People express particular traits in particular situations Most likely to see consistency within these similar situations Some traits are more situatonally determined Honesty restaurant bill take home tests Humanistic Perspective Focus on the inner experience of one s personality and development Unique human qualities Freedom and potential for human growth Optimistic view of human nature can control impulses not based on irrational needs and conflicts Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Says that the goal of humans is to be self actualized a basic hierarchy of needs exist Innate drive towards personal growth Often seen as a pyramid of needs top of pyramid is being actualized Bottom of Pyramid Top of Pyramid Physiological Needs hunger thirst and so forth Safety and Security Needs Long term survival and stability Belongingness and Love Needs Affiliation and acceptance Esteem Needs Achievement and gaining of recognition Cognitive Needs Knowledge and understanding Aesthetic Needs Order and Beauty Need for Self Actualization Realization of Potential Lower on Pyramid Regression if lower needs are not being satisfied Higher on Pyramid Progression if higher needs are satisfied Carl Rogers accepts the self actualizing tendency explores individuals who do and do not function well Looked at the relationship between the self one s conscious feelings views of self and the person sum of experiences feelings perception and wishes Ex some people who believe they re honest yet are upset with something they did a hit and run accident yet Rogers found that if someone who looks at the sum of things they realize it was a blimp and they can overcome the mistake Congruence when sense of self and the person are consistent it allows for positive functioning Incongruence sense of self person are in conflict Unconditional Positive Regard attempt to resolve conflict accept that one may have acted badly and still be a good person accepts one in a positive and accepting manner Sheldon Body types somatotypes linked with personality characteristics Personality Types ON THE EXAM Endomorph round soft body few muscles Tolerant calm needs affection Mesomorph muscular upright