EDHD 320 Exam 3 study guide Exam directions Part A Selected response 10 points 1 point per question Select the best answer from the following options by clearly circling your answer If you find any of the following questions ambiguous i e you cannot find a best answer you may opt to not answer the question and instead write a short essay that answers the question on the back of this page If you demonstrate an accurate understanding you will earn full credit If not you will have passed up your chance to guess the right answer Place a star next to the question so that I know to look on the back for your essay Fill in the blanks using the words from the word bank Not all words will be used and no words will be used more than once Part B Fill in the blank 10 points 1 points per blank Part C Short Answer 30 points 6 points per question Answer five of the seven following questions in the space provided use the back if necessary As a guideline you should use 4 5 complete sentences or organized bullet points to construct your response Please make it clear which five questions you are answering by circling the numbers In addition to questions in the reading guide the following are some questions and terms to focus on while preparing for the exam I Gender roles If individuals in the preschool period middle childhood and adolescence were all given a doll would they be likely to say it is an appropriate toy for boys an appropriate toy for girls or a toy for either In other words what time s during the lifespan are gender roles stereotypes most rigid Most flexible Preschool Period younger children 4 to 6 years old were considerably more rigid in their beliefs than older children they did not believe that boys would want to play with dolls or skip or that girls would want to play with footballs or toy guns Middle Childhood rigidity about gender stereotypes decreased significantly from age 6 to age 8 Adolescence begin to become highly intolerant of certain role violations and to become stereotyped in their thinking about the proper roles of males and females in adolescence flexible Terms Androgyny shift a psychological change that begins in midlife when parenting responsibilities are over in which both men and women retain their gender typed qualities but add to them qualities traditionally associated with the other sex thus becoming more androgynous Parental imperative the notion that the demands of parenthood cause men and women to adopt distinct roles and psychological traits Sexual Fluidity more common in women lesbians changing back and forth between sexual preferences Biosocial theory is a theory in behavioral and social science that suggests the attribution of disorders of personality and conditions of mind to the reaction of biologically determined personality traits to environmental stimuli Social Learning theory Bandura s social learning theory which holds that children and adults can learn novel responses merely by observing the behavior of a model making mental notes on what they have seen and then using these mental representations to reproduce the model s behavior more broadly a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive processing of social experiences Cognitive Developmental theory Jean Piaget belief that development occurs in a set of 4 universal stages Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operations Formal Operations increasing ability to think in concrete abstract ways focus on cognition thinking reasoning attention as the drive for development children actively try to use their prior experiences to make sense of the world constructivism as you get older you get smarter Gender Schema theory an information processing cognitive theory that overcomes the key weakness of Kohlberg s theory believe that children are intrinsically motivated to acquire values interests and behaviors consistent with their cognitive judgments about the self first children acquire a simple in group out group schema that allows them to classify some objects behaviors and roles as appropriate for males and others as appropriate for females cars are for boys girls can cry but boys should not and so on then they seek more elaborate information about the role of their own sex constructing an own sex schema thus a young girl who knows her basic gender identity might first learn that sewing is for girls and building model airplanes is for boys then because she is a girl and wants to act consistently with her own self concept she gathers a great deal of information about sewing to add to her own sex schema largely ignoring any information that comes her way about how to build model airplanes Gender Schema organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females that influence the kinds of information they will attend to and remember II Social Cognition and Moral Development When do children typically develop a theory of mind and why is it useful to have a theory of mind Children usually develop a theory of mind when they are 4 years old We all rely on a theory of mind also called mind reading skills to predict and explain human behavior We refer to mental states every day saying for example that people did what they did because they wanted to intended to or believed that doing so would have a desired effect Children with autism display severe social deficits because they lack a theory of mind and suffer from a kind of mind blindness Describe the types of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg s three stages preconventional conventional postconventional Preconventional Morality 1 Punishment Obedience rewards instead 2 Instrumental Relativist o The physical consequences of an action determine goodness or badness o Those in authority have superior power and should be obeyed o The child behaves morally based on a desire to avoid punishment and seek o An action is judged to be right if it is instrumental in satisfying one s own needs or involves an even exchange o The child adapts a pragmatic or what s in it for me attitude o Obeying rules should bring some sort of benefit in return ex you scratch my back and I ll scratch yours Conventional Morality 3 Good Boy Nice Girl o The right action is one that would be carried out by someone whose behavior is likely to please or impress others ex The child seeks to behave morally according to what good boys or nice girls do o The child has internalized a conventional code of morality from parents and society o No abstract concepts or morality are involved 4 Law