STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM 2 Good luck Students Chapter 2 Neuroscience and Behavior Introduction to this Chapter Overview of Nervous System Nervous System extensive network of specialized cells that carry info to from all parts of the body Think Communications Neuroscience Study of the nervous system Examines structure and function of the neurons nerves and Behavioral Neuroscience interested in relationship NS nervous tissue to behavior and learning AKA BioPsychology Structure of the Neuron Neurons basic cells in the nervous system receives and send messages 100 billion in brain 70 billion back of brain balance skills 10 Parts of a Neuron see slide Dendrites Receive detect Soma Cell body Maintains life of cell Axon Long tube like structure carries message to other message sends Three Types of Neurons Sensory neuron Detects Carries info from senses to CNS aka afferent neuron Motor neuron Carries messages from CNS to Muscles AKA efferent Neuron Interneuron Found in CNS Middleman Receives information from sensory neuron and sends commands to muscles through motor neurons Connect and coordinate allow A E to talk Bulk of neurons in brain Gen Psych F12 see also figure on page 39 of text or slides Nerves Bundle of axons in body that travel together Other Types of Brain Cells Glial cells 10 neurons in brain BUT more glial cells than neuron 1 Provide support for neurons to grow on around 2 Deliver nutrients to neurons 3 Clean up waste products and dead neurons 4 Some produce myelin to coat axon Myelin sheath fatty substance produced by certain glial cells coats axons to insulate protect and speed up neural impulse Generating the Message Neural Impulse 1 Sending the message within the cell Electrical All Or none Fires completely or not at all How are different strengths reposes indicated and repeatedly you knock 2 Sending the Message to Other Cells between Knocking example not how hard you knock its how quickly Chemical next cell Neurotransmitters NT Chemical used to pass message to how many over 100 neurotransmitters Synapse synaptic gap Microscopic space between neurons NEURONS DO NOT TOUCH Receptor sites Holes in surface of dendrites or muscle or gland cells Shaped to fit only certain NT Chemical substances can affect neuronal communication Agonists mimic or enhance of NT Example black window venom Antagonists Block or reduce response to NT Example Curate poison beta blockers Cleaning up the Synapse 1 Reuptake NTs taken back into sending cell most common milliseconds 2 Diffusion Drift away 3 Enzyme A protein made by cells breaks down NT even faster used for ACH Central Nervous System CNS Brain and spinal cord Spinal cord a long bundle of neurons that 1 Carries messages between brain and body 2 Responsible for very fast lifesaving reflexes Peripheral Nervous System PNS All nerves and neurons in the body A Somatic Nervous System carries sensory info and controls skeletal muscles VOLUNTARY Sensory pathway sensory neuron aka Afferent from senses to CNS Motor pathway Motor neurons aka efferent from CNS to voluntary muscles B Autonomic Nervous System ANS Controls involuntary muscles organs and glands Sympathetic division fight or flight system Reacting to stressful events Direct resources to short term survival Called fight or flight When you are frightened or startled loud noise Parasympathetic division Restores body to normal functioning heal and grow health issues if not enough too much stress Can elicit yoga mediation Clicker 1 The most common way to get ready for next message reuptake 2 Neurons found mostly in brain interneurons 3 John is frightened from loud noise Sympathetic division 3b What clams him down Parasympathetic THE BRAIN How to study The Hindbrain Medulla life sustaining functions breathe swallow heart rate Dys f Death or life support arousal Dys f coma Pons plays role in sleep dreaming left right body coordination and Cerebellum controls and coordinates involuntary rapid fine motor movements Dys f problems automatic motor behavior balance Structures Under the Cortex Thalamus group of brain structures involved in learning emotions memory and motivation Thalamus relays sensory information from lower brain to proper Hypothalamus motivation behavior such as sleep hunger thirst area of cortex and sex homeostasis Reticular formation RF Plays role in general arousal Limbic system Hippocampus formation od long term memories and storage of memory for Amygdala Fear responses and memory of fear other emotions too but mainly location of objects fear Lecture Guide Chapter 5 Learning What is Learning learned Three kinds of learning Change in behavior due to experience or practice Ability to profit from experience Assumptions brain physically changed to record what is V S Maturations change in genetics Classical Conditioning Think automatic reflective involuntary Associate stimuli that occur together Operant Conditiong Think voluntary Associate behavior with consequences reward punish Observational Learning Learn by watching Work with classical and operant Things to Know About Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist Discovered classical conditioning Classical conditioning Learn to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that produces the reflex Unconditioned means Unlearned naturally occurring automatic Unconditioned stimulus UCS Thing that leads to involuntary response naturally puff of air to the eye makes you blink Unconditioned response UCR Involuntary automatic response to the UCS Conditioned means learned Conditioned stimulus CS Stimulus once neutral that triggers reflex after paired with UCS Bell Conditioned response CR learned response to a CS CR vs UCR CHEAT SHEET UCS Natural trigger automatic cause CS Learned trigger used to be neutral UCR Natural automatic effect emotions or bio CR learned effect UCS thunder car crash kiss UCR startle racing heart racing heart CS lightning UCS thunder UCR startle brace CS squeaking brakes CR racing heart How it works TRICK 1 Find the UR bio or emotions happened automatic 2 Now Know CR same as UR 3 Next find UCS what causes UR automatically 4 Now Find CS what is used to be neutral what has to be rained before get response Classical Conditioning Principles 1 2 3 4 CS must come before UCS CS and UCS Must come very close together within seconds CS NS and UCS must be paired several imps some exceptations CS Distinctive stands out from competing stimuli Additional Vocabulary Stimulus
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