Lecture Guide Chapter 5 Learning What is Learning Change in behavior due to experience or practice Ability to profit from experience V S Maturations change in genetics Assumptions brain physically changed to record what is learned Three kinds of learning Classical Conditioning Think automatic reflective involuntary Associate stimuli that occur together Operant Conditiong Think voluntary Associate behavior with consequences reward punish Observational Learning Learn by watching Work with classical and operant Things to Know About Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist Discovered classical conditioning Classical conditioning Learn to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that produces the reflex Unconditioned means Unlearned naturally occurring automatic Unconditioned stimulus UCS Thing that leads to involuntary response naturally puff of air to the eye makes you blink Unconditioned response UCR Involuntary automatic response to the UCS Stimulus once neutral that triggers reflex after paired with Conditioned means learned Conditioned stimulus CS UCS Bell Conditioned response CR learned response to a CS CR vs UCR CHEAT SHEET UCS Natural trigger automatic cause CS Learned trigger used to be neutral UCR Natural automatic effect emotions or bio CR learned effect UCS thunder car crash kiss UCR startle racing heart racing heart CS lightning UCS thunder UCR startle brace CS squeaking brakes CR racing heart How it works TRICK 1 Find the UR bio or emotions happened automatic 2 Now Know CR same as UR 3 Next find UCS what causes UR automatically 4 Now Find CS what is used to be neutral what has to be rained before get response Classical Conditioning Principles 1 CS must come before UCS 2 CS and UCS Must come very close together within seconds 3 CS NS and UCS must be paired several imps some exceptations 4 CS Distinctive stands out from competing stimuli Additional Vocabulary Stimulus generalization Extinction when Stimuli similar to CS elicit the CR GREATER SIMILARITY stronger too CR Disappearance of learned response Follows removal of the US in CC or removal of a reinforcer in OC Reappearance of learned response after extinctions Spontaneous recovery Conditioned Emotional Response Conditioned emotional response CER Feelings triggered by stimulus connected to past experience CERs may lead to phobias irrational fear response Ex Fear of dogs reaction to songs smells etc Taste Aversion Conditioned taste aversion a negative biological response like nausea to a particular taste after just one pairing Biological preparedness Tendency to learn certain associations quickly due to potential survival value Classical Conditioning and You Examples of the CC in real life bio emot Phobias Jump to flashes to flushing General good bad feelings link to people smells places Advertisers use sex and celebrities to sell Medical treatments Psychological treatments Things to Know About Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning Learn change if frequency VOLUNTARY behavior due to its CONSEQUENCES Thorndike s Law of Effect Behavior followed by good are repeated increase Behavior followed by bad are not reported decreased skinner behaviorist Skinner s Contribution Studied observable conditioning its name Learning depends on what happens after the consequences Four Ways to Change Behavior Two ways to increase Both called Reinforcement R Positive R add or experience something pleasurable study for a test Get an A then study again to get a A again Negative R Nyquil takes away negative Remove or allow escape avoidance from something unpleasant mom nagging messy room clean your room she stops nagging Two ways to decrease Both called Punishment 1 Punishment by application Punish by add something unpleasant put soap in mouth for cursing 2 Punishment by removal Punish by take away something wanted take phone away Meets a biological need hunger thirst or touch VOCABULARY Primary Reinforcement Natural unlearned VS Secondary Reinforcement learned Grades tokens or gold stars money praise Additional Operant Conditioning Concepts and Vocabulary Primary vs Secondary Reinforcer Shaping R simple steps that lead to a desired More complex behavior Extinction behavior stops if it is not R Spontaneous recovery reappears Discriminant Stimulus let you know if R likely How to Make Punishment More Effective Punishment 1 should follow behavior immediately 2 should be consistent otherwise what 3 should be paired with R of desired behavior need to fill gap want to fill with good More Punishment Information 1 fear and anxiety can decrease learning 2 can lead to more aggression 3 can teach to avoid being caught 4 temporary unless teach replacement behavior 5 not forgotten just suppressed Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement R each and every correct response Partial reinforcement effect Behaviors R only sometimes tend to be very resistant to extinction Which should I use Continue to learn Partial to maintain Behavior Modification vs Behavior Therapy 1 Use OPERANT techniques to change behavior 2 use CC or OC principles to reduce dysfunctional Cognitive Learning Theory soon realized there are things CC and OC can t explain Learning performance distinction learning can take place before learned behavior is dispelled meaning more to learning that the observable Observational learning Learn new behavior by watching model perform it useful for complex behavior useful when shaping not possible BANDURA Bandura s Work The bobo doll beating the doll Bandura s Findings Can learning by watching too troublesome Imitate aggression acts and words creative new aggressive acts Consequences for others inc or dec chance we do it For example if model punished less likely to imitate But did they learn yes could do it offer R Catharsis an emotional release Does watching others express anger reduce ours NO Sex differences boys more physical aggression Boy and Girls on verbal aggression Decrease if process what exposed to watch tog Four Elements of Observational Learning 1 Attention Learner must pat attention to model 2 Memory learner must be able to remember what was done 3 Imitation Learner must be capable of reproducing actions of model 4 Motivation incentive learner must have desire to preform the action
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