Lecture Guide Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders Based in part on PsychSmart McGraw Hill 2013 Gen Psych F12 Introduction A major part of psych study and practice Useful to think of psych disorders as medical diseases Called the medical model What criteria are used to determine whether a disorder is present Include examples Criteria used to determine if a disorder present 1 Deviance differs from accepted expected social norms 2 Maladaptive behavior everyday functioning impaired 3 Personal distress report of internal experience Do you need all 3 Vocabulary NO but many disorders fit more than one Diagnosis assign a label to a cluster of symptoms Distinguishing one disorder from another Benefits of diagnosis Treatment ideas access to services Drawbacks prejudice discrimination Out group homogeneity Classics exist but generally not that easy o Lots of overlap o Many qualify for more than one at the same time or over time Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders o Tells you the label for each cluster of symptoms checklist More than 250 disorders 17 major categories Intern Syndrome psychology student syndrome BEWARES Over identify with disorders you learn about Think you have them If in doubt seek a consult reassure provide help Treatment For most therapy is effective o 90 feel very poor say helped o 85 feel fairly poor say helped 1 Dose not work for everyone Certain types work best for certain issues But all share some basic elements too o What are they Positive relationship Idea of explanation for what going on of us Feel better get better Etiology cause Current Beliefs Bio psycho social model Disorders phys psych are multi determined Look for biological psychological and social contributors to best understand and treat EXAMPLE 1 Bio 2 Psycho Personal treats 3 Social Prognosis probable outcome length severity recur Prevalence How common How many any disorder How many a year any disorder 22 How many life time any disorder 35 50 Most Common Disorders Mood anxiety substance Abuse Psych Disorders are Whole Body Disorders Have emotional cognitive and physical symptom Review of Select Psychological Disorders Anxiety disorders excessive or unrealistic anxiety fear Can be general or focused As a group most common and very costly Many effective treatments With and without medication 2 Generalized anxiety disorder Feeling of dread impending doom Worries constant and excessive o Past now future o Money family work illness even worrying Highly sensitive to criticism Trouble making decisions Effects of physical tension aches pains tender tx medication various therapies Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Trauma reactions can be general or specific now or delay PTSD is a specific set of sx 1 Re experience 2 Avoidance symptoms 3 Hyper arousal symptoms Treatment Exposer Treatment Specific Phobia Irrational fear Leads to avoidance o Claustrophobia o Acrophobia fear of heights o Gloss phobia fear of public speaking o Pyro phobia fear of the fire o Search on line Social phobia Fear of interacting being evaluated negatively Fear everyday social situations Serious phobia why o Impact daily life Social anxiety disorder Panic disorders What percent women 2 3 of object or situation excessive to risk know it but can not stop it fear of being in a small enclosed space Panic attacks interfere with daily life Sudden onset intense dread and anxiety with multiple physical symptoms Often think fear dying 3 After first attack may develop 1 Fear of fear fear of another attack 2 Agoraphobia fear of leaving familiar home Because might have a panic attack in public or without support Can you have agoraphobia without panic Treatable often without medications relaxation exposure therapy Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD OBSESSIONS CREATE ANXIETY That is relieved by performing compulsions Obsession with examples intruding unwanted recurrent thought impulses and images Turn of the stove Compulsion with examples repetitive ritualistic behaviors R BECAUSE decision anxiety temp sx can fluctuates over time tx medications o Expose and response prevention o Cognitive techniques hard work but effective Mood Disorders Depression Mania Variations in Mood extreme sadness mild sadness normal emotions mild emotions extreme elation Persistent felling of sadness despair lose interest in sources of pleasure like food and sex Excessive excitement energy elation or irritability Major Depression Emotional sx o Sad hopeless despair Lose interest in old pleasures Cog sx o Slow thought process Difficulty concentrate or making decisions 4 Physical and Motor sx o Less active problems sleeping Low sex drive decision appetite physical pain Effective treatment tx therapy and or medication More info on depression o Generally episodic o Episodes vary typical 3 12 mos o If time limited why treat o 2 times women over men o Lifetime prev 16 17 o Often sudden and no known cause o Good news Dysthymia o More moderate depression o Lasts 2 years o Typically reaction to external stressor Seasonal Affective Disorder o Caused by reaction to low levels of sunlight winter Bipolar disorder Severe mood swings depression and mania episodes episodes include various sx too Mania Emotional elation sociable optimistic impatience imitable Cognitive racing thoughts flight of ideas deal of grandeur impaired judgment Motor hyperactive less sleep more sex drive Behavioral may see reckless impulsive gamble shop and sex Additional Info o Prevalence 1 2 5 less than dep o Men women o Most effective treatment Therapy and medication Schizophrenia Severe disorder including o Disordered thinking o Bizarre behavior o Disrupted emotions 5 1 of population Cause Nerves development disorder low oxygen breath Male female Positive symptoms In excess of or in addition to Normal behavior they do most people don t o Hallucinations bizarre behavior Delusions Hallucinations Delusions False sensory perceptions auditory most common False beliefs refusal to accept evidence of their falseness Del of grandeur you are important Del of persecution other out to get you Del of reference normal events have special meaning directed for you Negative symptoms Sx that are less than normal They don t do most people do Harder to treat Flat affect a lack of emotional responsiveness Poor speech production Lack of initiative Social withdrawal Typical Course Usually emerges adolescence or early adult Can be sudden or gradual Better prognosis Sudden onset Later age of onset Well adjusted before episode
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