Psychology Behaviorism Focus solely on things that can be seen vs psychodynamic unseen 1 2 behavior is result of environment thought not important Sample names and concepts Classical and operant conditioning Pavlov Watson skinner Humanism why did it appear Believe people have free will freedom to choose own destiny EMPHASIZE HUMAN POTENTIAL Ability for all to become best possible Early contributors Maslow rogers Cognitive perspective Emphasizes how we know understand think about the world Focus on mental tasks thinking memory attention intelligence perception problem solving language and learning When Names and concepts Jean Piaget Information processing model Socio cultural perspective Combines Focus on impact of social settings and expectations on behaviors 1 social psych study of groups roles expectations relationships 2 cultural psych study of cultural norms values and expectations Neuro science perspective Such as Attempts to identify biological events in body associated with behavior Genetic influences Hormones Activity of nervous system Two way street behavior thoughts feelings can impact body too Attempts are made to identify reasons for the mental and behavioral characteristics that Assumption is that inherited behaviors exist because they are adaptive they contribute Evolutionary perspective are inherited to survival and then get passed down 6 key theoretical perspectives Advantage today 1 choices 2 Learn from others mistakes 3 Build on their successes 4 Pick and choose parts useful What is that called Eclectic 1 Observations Real behavior First account Not everyone is observable watch record natural lab 2 interview and survey ask interview small Survey large Ask about things you cant observe Relatively cheap Lying validity anonymous Something s people aren t aware of thoughts and feelings 3 Standardized tests Test with a result in comparison to a group Quick to get you a comparison right away Knowing how they compare to others Not available enough ACT SAT 4 Physiological measures Biological measures of body processing Body mind connection many are students Availability 5 Case study Lots of details On 1 person Generally unusual subject Rich with data and ideas More complete understanding and lots of ideas Generalize tell us what is possible but not what is probable Trait theories Trait consistent way to think feel or behave Surface traits easily seen in actions Source traits assumed to underlie surface traits Form core of personality a source trait contributes to many surface traits The five Factor Model of personality Attempts to identify the source traits By finding thousands of people and tested them and put it in a computer Universal age sex culture The big five Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism By definition independent Big Five universal unrelated indpendent source traits Openness to experience Hi independent imaginative likes variety Lo conforming practical likes routine Conscientiousness HI Careful disciplined Lo uncareful undisciplined How might this be useful Describing explaining understanding Prediction Mates Employers different jobs may need different traits Interventions match teaching therapy style to person CHAPTER 2 Neuron communication Chemical substances can affect neuronal communication agonists mimic or Enhance effect of NT Antagonists block or reduce responses to NT s Cleaning up the synapse Reuptake NTs taken back into sending cell most common milliseconds Enzyme a protein made by cells breaks down NT even faster used for ACH Diffusion drifts away CNS Spinal cord Brain and spinal cord Bundle of neurons Carries messages between bod and brain it is responsible for very fast lifesaving reflexes The PNS All nerves and neurons not in CNS Divided into Somatic nervous system voluntary Carries sensory info and controls skeletal muscles sensory pathways sensory neurons Afferent From sense to CNS Motor pathway motor neurons Efferent From CNS to voluntary muscles Autonomic Nervous System Controls involuntary muscles organs and glands 1 Sympathetic division Reacting to stressful events Direct resources to short term survival Fight or flight 2 Parasympathetic division Restores body to normal function Heal and grow Health issues if not enough too much stress Can elicit yoga meditation Ps Most neurons in the brain are in the interneurons How to study brain Three sections see what happens when we lose it see what happens when we use it Hindbrain Medulla life sustaining functions Breathe swallow heart rate Dys f death or life support Pons plays role in sleep dreaming left right body coordination and arousal Dys f coma Cerebellum controls and coordinates involuntary rapid fine motor movement Dys f problems automatic motor behaviors balance Structures under the cortex Groups of brain structures involved in learning emotion memory and Thalamus relays sensory info from lower brain to proper area of cortex Hypothalamus the motivational behavior such as sleep hunger thirst motivation and SEX Homeostasis Reticular Formation plays role in general arousal Limbic System memory for location of objects Hippocampus the formation of long term memories and storage of Amygdala fear responses and memory of fear other emotions too Cortex new brain outer covering densely packed neurons involved in higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input allows us to see hear understand and to think Corticalization Wrinkling of cortex skull allows larger number of cortical cells to exist in small space inside the allows for more complicated connections Cerebral hemispheres two sections of cortex L R Corpus callosum thick bands of neurons connect right and left Communication Communication highway Occipital lobe rear and bottom contains visual centers Parietal lobes top and back Primary visual cortex processes visual info Visual association cortex identifies and makes sense of visual info temp body position and possibly taste processes info from skin and internal body receptors for touch Somatosensory cortex area of neurons running across the front Temporal lobes Contains neurons responsible for sense of hearing and understanding Primary auditory cortex processes auditory info Auditory association cortex identifies and makes sense of auditory located beneath ear Frontal lobes front and top Responsible for higher mental processes like decision making and Responsible for production of fluent speech includes motor cortex sends motor
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