Exam 5 Study Guide General Psychology Fall 2012 This study guide is designed to help organize integrate and apply the important issues of this unit If you can answer these questions you should be in good shape There is a separate file of practice items designed to help with application of information not definitions I recommend that you study the material and then use the items to test your understanding I do not recommend that you begin or focus your studying on the practice items if you do your efforts will be too narrow Finishing Chapter 13 Social Psychology What is social categorization Why do we do it Put people in groups based on shared characteristics Generally automatic and unconscious we do it so that we can understand more and process information faster we oversimplify the world What are in groups and out groups What are in group heterogeneity and out group homogeneity us social groups we identify with in group heterogeneity recognize we differ them groups we don t identify with out group homogeneity believe they are similar How do they contribute to prejudice Stereotypes are established that cause us to view others in a particular manner What is a stereotype Are stereotypes positive or negative Are they accurate or not Characteristics you believe all group members share Can be either positive or negative May be accurate or may not be What is prejudice What are some common forms of prejudice give examples attitude evaluation about members of a social group Generalization negative Racism Sexism What is discrimination Treat people differently only because of social group generally deny access rights or privileges Origins of Prejudice What is the in group bias What is the belief in a just world How do these contribute to prejudice Similarly what are realistic conflict theory and scapegoating and how do they contribute In what ways does learning theory help explain the development of prejudice Cognitive Roots categorize and stereotype automatically Social Roots In a group bias belief in a just world Emotional Roots negative emotions nourish prejudices Realistic conflict theory When two groups are fighting over the same thing it increases the chances that they will dislike each other Scapegoat theory When we have these negative emotions we find a group with less power and take out our feelings on them Learning Theory Modeling Positive reinforcement Three ways to decrease prejudice were discussed in class What were they What was learned from the Robber s Cave study What are jigsaw classrooms and do they work 1 Education About positives and similarities 2 Laws 3 Non competitive equal status contact especially if share common issues or problems Ex Robbers Cave 1961 State Park Took 22 healthy middle school boys summer camp experience separated boys to establish strong group identities competitive events fights name calling etc put groups together in non competitive environment and there was still the same attitudes forced to worked together on project out of necessity attitudes changed Jigsaw Classroom everyone has to be included in order for project to finish see change in attitude Equal status contact Put people in a situation where no one is in charge or where everyone is equal see less prejudice and discrimination What is altruism What are some of the factors that play a role in people s decision to help a stranger nine listed in class For example what is the bystander effect and why does it happen Altruism help with no expectation of reward may involve risk of harm Ex One type helping a stranger 3 We take responsibility Bystander effect more people around less likely to help result of group consensus and diffusion of responsibility 1 We notice many not aware 2 Clearly a need ambiguous 4 We know how 5 Low risk to us 6 Good mood 7 Female in need especially males and attractive females 8 Same race ethnicity 9 Is it the victims fault Three factors underlie initial attractions What are they and what do they mean What is the mere exposure effect What is the exception to the mere exposure effect In what types of relationships is physical attractiveness important What is the matching hypothesis and its exception 1 Proximity more likely to get involved with people we are physically near 2 Familiarity we begin to like things we are exposed to repeatedly mere exposure effect exception If you really don t like it when you first are exposed to it 3 Physical Attractiveness Key role in romance and friendships Important but not the most important factor Matching hypothesis Exception Female friendships Continuing relationships What is reciprocal liking What is similarity Is it important to friendships romantic relationships or both What characteristics do people tend to be similar on in their relationships What types of things do people look for in their life partners 1 Reciprocal liking we tend to like people we think like us 2 Similarity likely to like people who are similar to us Age Education SES Values Ethnicity Religion Politics Physical Appearance Personality Interests Etc 3 Desirable personality characteristics For life partners personal qualities are more important than physical traits What are they What does Social Exchange Theory help predict What factors do people seem to look at when deciding whether or not to keep or leave a relationship from lecture you should be able to name at least 2 things besides the direct costs and benefits of the relationship 1 We assess cost and benefits What we get what we give What are some 2 We determine relationship outcome What is the balance 3 We determine relationship satisfaction Compare outcome to expectations We accept different balances based on expectations past others fantasy fiction 4 We look at our commitment investments and alternatives List and define the 3 components of love according to Sternberg Can you distinguish between romantic love companionate love and consummate love which components does each have What determines satisfaction in a relationship in this model of love which relationships are happiest passion motivational force intensity desire sexual chemistry intimacy emotional component closeness warmth sharing commitment cognitive component decisions to stay or not Romantic passion and intimacy many dating relationships before commitment Companionate intimacy and commitment many marriages after the passion fades close friendships Consummate All 3 passion intimacy and commitment what many Americans strive for in love The
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