11 Software in Flux Open Source Software free anyone can look at and potentially modify the code cost savings but sometimes higher cost of ownership Commercial Products paid for Microsoft Office if software popular people will stay with it to avoid switching costs 12 Cloud Computing is about replacing computing resources either an organization s or an individual s hardware or software with services provided over the Internet Benefits Financial future of hardware and software firms Cost structure and innovativeness of adopting organizations Skill sets likely to be most valued by employers Private Clouds pools of computing resources that reside inside an organization and that can be served up for specific tasks as need arrives Saas software as a service applications delivered Firm Benefits lower costs software license server hardware IT staff usage based pricing model monthly subscription advertising with free services fee for updated versions Consumer low costs risk faster deployment times higher quality and service remote acces availability tighter feedback less piracy Negatives depend on single vendor new versions require fee training reliance on network connection Paas platform as a service deliver OS you add apps Iaas infrastructure as a service deliver raw computing cycles you add OS apps above two known as utility computing Cloudbursting use of cloud computing to provide capacity during periods of spiked demand scalability solution Black Swans unpredicted highly impactful events 13 Software System Development SDLC Systems Development Life Cycle 1 Planning create high level plan of project and goals 1 Identify and select the system for development 2 Specify Project Goals 3 Develop the Project Plan 2 Analysis analyzing end user business requirements and refining project goals into defined functions and operations of the intended system 1 Gather business requirements 2 Create process diagrams system blueprint 3 Perform a buy vs build analysis 3 Design modeling 4 Development IT database programs 5 Testing write conditions and test 6 Implementation actual users 7 Maintenance upgrades errors adapt corr perf prev Feasibility Study determine if solution will work from financial technical and organizational standpoint Types of Feasibility Studies Economic feasibility study cost effectiveness Operational feasibility study how well solution meets system requirements Technical feasibility study availability of tech resources and expertise Schedule feasibility study timetable Cultural Organizational Change study how well accepted into organizational climate Legal and contractual feasibility study with contractual obligations Types of Testing Unit testing tests each unit of code upon completion Application or system testing verifies that all units of code work together Integration testing exposes faults in the integration of software components or units Backup and recovery testing tests the ability of an application to be restarted after failure Documentation testing verifies instruction guides are helpful and accurate User acceptance testing UAT tests if a system satisfies its acceptance criteria If you can t test it it s not a requirement Build vs Buy part of analysis step Buy commercial off the shelf COTS software package or solution that is purchased to support one or more business functions and information systems SCM CRM and ERP solut Requirement Parameters specific clear unambiguous measurable not dictate design Scope Creep when requirements grow Feature Creep when extra features added 14 Data Warehouse Data Mining Data Warehouse a subject oriented integrated time variant nonvolatile collection of data Organized around key subjects customers sales products of the enterprise Stored data has consistent naming conventions formats structures etc Stored data contains a time dimension history Stored data is continuously loaded refreshed but cannot be updated by users read only Why do this Improve existing business processes Understand historical phenomena Seek patterns and golden nuggets 2 Level sm to med size firms 3 Level large firms those with heterogeneous data ETL Extract Transform Load 1 Data are extracted from various source databases could be hundreds 2 Data is transformed cleaned and integrated 3 Then loaded into a data warehouse Static extract capturing a snapshot of the source data at a point in time Incremental extract capturing changes that have occurred since the last static extract Scrub cleanse uses pattern recognition and AI techniques to upgrade data quality Transform convert data from format of operational system to format of data warehouse Refresh mode bulk rewriting of target data at periodic intervals Update mode only changes in source data are written to data warehouse ETL ISSUES Scrubbing is hard misspelled names etc transform to what metrics Data Mart reduce population of data to improve response OLAP online analytical processing examine data to find out why something happened one time event or pattern Directed Data Mining deals with discrete outcome P F Classification name occupation age Build test run model Undirected Data Mining no pre defined classes to fit data in aka market basket analysis people who buy beer buy chips association rule must find new pattern 15 Internet Impact Disruptive Technology Easy to compile searching for information on products prices customers suppliers and partners is faster and easier when using the Internet Increased richness Businesses and customers can collect and track more detailed information when using the Internet Increased reach Businesses can share information with numerous customers all over the world Improved content Data and product descriptions establish the common understanding between both parties to the transaction Digital Darwinism implies that organizations which cannot adapt to the new demands placed on them for surviving in the information age are doomed to extinction Disruptive technology a new way of doing things that initially does not meet the needs of customers Sustaining technology produces an improved product customers are eager to buy Long Tail Theory our culture and economy is increasingly shifting away from a focus on a relatively small number of hits mainstream products and markets at the head of the demand curve and toward a huge number of niches in the tail
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