Human Physiology Physiology how an organism works o Ions and proteins o Systems Integration of o Anatomy Biology Chemistry and Physics Three Critical Equations ATP ADP Pi energy o Our currency to get things done Glucose O2 ADP Pi ATP CO2 H2O Heat o Our job to make the most currency CO2 H2O HCO3 H o Aiding transport but creating a pH issue Body Organization Cell identical genetic info mitosis Unspecialized specialized freshman o Differentiation Undifferentiated differentiated 4 Major Categories Muscle generate mechanical force Nerve Signals initiate transmit Epithelial regulate interactions with environment Connective connect anchor support Tissues Groupings of Cells Organs Group Tissues Vary in proportion and pattern Functional Units Smallest yet still works Ex Kidney nephron Heart Heart why problems are serious Why Redundancy Continue even if lose some Expansion add more without stopping Organ Systems Organs with common function Ex Circulatory heart blood vessels blood Special organ systems contain other organ systems Ex Immune WBC s spleen thymus circulatory system Is that all No Just cellular components Extracellular Fluid Matrix Mix of proteins and minerals Provide Structure Regulate into transfer Protein types Fibers Collagen rope like Elastin rubber band like Non fibrous carbohydrate Fluid Compartments 3 1 Intracellular fluid cytosol within cells a 67 of total water 28L 2 Extracellular and 3 a Interstitial fluid IF between cells actual external b Plasma fluid in blood vessels always in vessel i 26 11L i 7 3L Plasma Interstitial Fluid Intracellular fluid Capillary Wall Cell Membrane These are barriers limit movement Homeostasis o Dynamic constancy Homeostatic Control System Relatively stable maintenance of a body parameter stay within a range adjustable System not changing at steady state but energy is used equilibrium no o Set of interconnected components insulin o Purpose Keep parameter at set point change in energy then equilibrium Because Energy is limited Trade offs required o Disturbance from steady state Reactive response feedback responding after disturbance Negative opposite of disturbance direction return toward steady state most in body Positive continue in disturbance direction o Move further from steady state Proactive Preparation feedforward FF Limits the degree of feedback required Less E required o Reflex arc Receptor Receives stimulus External or Internal jumping jacks Afferent pathway going towards Integrating center Compare to set point If relatively the same done If off Efferent pathway Effector Get Response psychological change How Make adjustments to bring back steady state Control for HCS via Signals Chemical Messengers o Most travel through EC fluid Messenger Released By Pathway Communicates With Endocrine AKA Gland or Neuron Plasma Distant Effectors Hormone Paracrine Most Cells Interstitial Fluid Neighbor Effectors Neurotransmitter Neuron IF synapse Next Neighbor neuron or effector How can we collapse these three messengers into two groups Special Cases o Autocrines pathway IF effector releaser o Cytokine pathway IF Plasma lymph immune signal Some not based on EC fluid o Gap Junctions direct channels between adjacent cells o Juxtacrines Bound to cell membrane i e Not released Largest fluid compartment intracellular fluid HCS Long Term Regulation Adaptation Ad trait that favors survival o Genetic change species change Acclimatization Ac resetting of set point o Use based not genetic change individual change o Usually reversible exception developmental acclimatization Biorhythms combo of feedforward Adaptation and Acclimatization o Proactive instead of reactive Trigger internal responses environment Clock reset environmental but within limits o Eg Circadian annual lunar Subcellular Composition Ions have a charge AKA electrolytes o Net Positive cation Ca2 H o Net Negative anion Cl Free Radical single e in outer orbit o Removes e from another to make a pair oxidizing o We make them like nuclear energy defense vs use Effective against pathogens but indiscriminant Need to be neutralized donors vitamin A and D Superoxide anion O2 free radical Nitric oxide NO free radical Hydroxyl radical OH Molecular Bonds o Covalent sharing of e But not always equally creates partial charge Terminology Polar vs Nonpolar like dissolves like oil and water Polar hydrophilic lipophobic Nonpolar hydrophobic lipophilic o Amphipathic both polar parts and nonpolar parts very strong to break requires significant activity o Noncovalent Ionic electrical attraction of opposites Strong NaCl without H2O o Strong without water so weak in body Hydrogen bonding interaction with bound H Hydrophobic avoiding polar avoid water salad dressing o Weak o Weak Plasma Membrane Functions Regulates movement in out within Binds chemical messengers Holds cell in extracellular matrix Allows for cell s shape and motility how it s able to move Allows for cell to cell contact Components in fluid mosaic more than one thing form phospholipids main building block amphipathic Polar head and two nonpolar tails amphipatic Spontaneously form bilayer Cholesterol Amphipathic Proteins Vesicle formation small cells in cells 1 Integral Serve as channels receptors anchors Amphipathic both polar and nonpolar parts Not removable many transmembrane across 2 Peripheral Impact shape and motility Polar Cystolic surface in Glycocalyx allows for ID and interaction Short branched carbs outside of cell Gives fuzzy surface Junctions Physical connections for cells Purposes interactions forming tissues Types Gap Junctions channels linking two cytosols Small so limited exchange Desmosome Protein linkage between cells Spot welds two cell with gum one moves other moves Tight Junctions joining of plasma membranes Forms a band around the cell Blocks interstitial fluid Cellular Metabolic Pathways Energy source ATP adenosine triphosphate o Phosphate bonds are high energy o ATP ADP Pi E Making of ATP o Substrate level phosphorylation moving phosphate group around Bound Pi transferred to ADP ATP x ADP xP Ex Glycolysis krebs cycle creatine in muscles o Oxidative phosphorylation E transport system Energy in put allows unbound Pi to bind ADP Glycolysis o Start carb catabolism break down chemically o Series of 10 NZ reactions o Location cytosol o Net production 2 ATP H Aerobic pyruvate with O2 Anaerobic lactate without O2 Does not require O2
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