Final Exam Review Chapter 11 13 17 and 19 GEOLOGIC HISTORY AND FRAMEWORK Chapters 11 and 12 Scientific method hypothesis theory induction and deduction Theory what makes you want to do the experiment Hypothesis idea you form about the outcome of the experiment Induction analysis Deduction what you get out of the entire experiment Milky way galaxy spiral galaxy Formation of universe nebula supernova protoplanets and protosun Nebula the sun and planets began as spinning expanding cloud of hydrogen and helium gas Supernova explosion of a star creates a shock wave Protoplanets accumulations of dust from nebula stay rock Protosun drew in protoplanets after it was sparked off Frost line and planet composition and size Formation of the moon 3 theories o Earth splits in two o Debris which were captured by their planet o Planet and its moon formed together out of the primordial nebula Earth s interior inner and outer core mantle and athenosphere Inner core innermost portion of earth comprised of solid and very dense iron nickel Outer core molten liquid iron Mantle 80 of Earth s volume Athenosphere plastic layer Isostatic adjustment and crust thickness Isostatic adjustment earth s less dense crust floats on more dense mantle Crust is constantly rising sinking Crust thickness Continental drift why and evidence for movement Evidence all of the continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle Plate boundaries divergent convergent and transform Divergent sea floor spreading Convergent subduction zones Transform lateral sliding Spread and subduction Spreading drives the movement of continents Subduction spreading oceanic crust collides with the continental crust Formation of the continents shield sedimentary deposits terrene terrain tectonics Shield ancient mountain ranges Sedimentary deposits sediment eroded from ancient mountain ranges Terrane an island that collides with another landmass to become part of the continent Terrain produced by active folding faulting and crust movement Orogenesis birth of mountains Oceanic oceanic plates forcing each other up Ocean continent plates forcing each other up i e Andes mountains Continent continent plates go straight up not one under the other Hot spots Folding and faulting Folding the bending and deformation of beds of rock strata subjected to compressional forces layered sedimentary layers are subjected to compressional forces at a convergent boundary Faulting one side is displaced relative to the other side Earthquakes what boundaries how caused and how we know where they occur Tsunamis what boundaries and how caused Volcanoes what boundaries how caused and different types cinder etc Intrusive volcanoes WEATHERING AND SOILS Chapter 13 Rock decay Importance of weathering 1 Production of sediment 2 Production of by products 3 Production of soils Why do rocks weather To reach equilibrium or stability Disintegration vs decomposition Disintegration breakdown of big rocks into little rocks physical process Decomposition chemical transformations that alter a rock s structure Controls on weathering precipitation and temperature How chemical helps physical and vice versa Weathering as a feedback system positive feedback Edges corners and sides Thermal expansion rocks and minerals expand in response to intense heat Pressure unloading Hydration and swelling Salt weathering expansion of salts within pores i e sea spray seawater Growth in voids Abrasion mechanical wearing and erosion of bedrock accomplished by the rolling and grinding of particles and rocks carried in a stream Ion Exchange Spheriodal weathering Oxidation and reduction Hydrolysis acid is strong and punches out part of the rock and replaces it Solution weathering carbonation Karst landscapes Arches national monument example of frost weathering landscape Relationship between weathering and soils Role of soil Soil profile Soil horizon Solum regolith parent material Climate Organisms Relief Parent Material Time CLORPT Biogeography Chapter 19 Variation in ecosystem type with precipitation and temperature climate High precipitation and high temperatures tropical Vegetation differs with geological precipitation and climate temperature North South climatic East West geological Development of microclimates ecosystems produce their own microclimate by altering light transmission and humidity Response Change in climate will affect plants and animals Primary succession development of an ecosystem on a newly exposed bare rock Secondary succession after a disturbance forest fire Disturbances forest fire hurricane landslides river meandering Role of coastal dunes act as buffers and act as sand reservoirs Change in dune formation with change in vegetation Characteristics in dune formation with change in vegetation Terrestrial biome large scale ecosystem with animals and plants Equatorial and tropical rainforest Hawaii Tropical savannah Florida Needle forest Alaska Temperate rainforest Northwest Midlatitude broadleaf Northeast New England Midlatitude grassland Midwest Cold desert Alaska Warm desert Arizona Tundra cold desert Mass Wasting Chapter 13 Mass wasting down slope movement of rock by gravity important because it moves material from high to low elevation Gravity and friction gravity directed into and along the slope friction directed upslope and opposite of gravity Ability to slide and angle of slope if angle is too great the rock will slide Unstable vs stable unstable rock doesn t have enough strength and slides stable rock has enough strength to not slide Cohesion internal friction and normal stress cohesion binding agent doesn t let rock slide internal friction particles move up and over each other normal stress weight on soil makes it harder for rock to slide How water changes slope stability soil needs to be moist not too wet or too dry Internal friction angle of repose and angle of sliding friction Angle of sliding friction angle at which dry sediment falls approx 10 degrees greater than angle of repose Triggers of mass wasting road cut water and river undercutting Flows slides and falls Flows chaotic mixing as moves downhill debris flow Slides slides as vertical piece no mixing rock slide Falls falls vertically rock fall Creep soil slow movement Earthflow caused by excess moisture Debris avalanche Rockfall Sliding hazards in United States Appalachian mountains Glacial Environments Chapter 17 Glacier always frozen ice that moves Distribution of glaciers glaciers are mostly in Antarctica 2nd most in