Chapter 5 Claim position you re taking on a particular issue could be a belief stance I believe that cats are better pets than dogs Grounds the reason you re giving for having that stance Use litter box don t require attention they don t bark It is neither correct or incorrect Warrant inferential leap that audience makes that connects the claim to the grounds understood and accepted by the audience Self sufficiency with litter box and no attention Quiet with not barking Most complicated trying to articulate the unsaid thing in an argument We take them for granted and feel like we don t need to explain them Types of warrants Principle guiding practice similar to value usually expressed in single word or statement o When X happens do Y o All X s are Y Causal o X causes Y o Example global warming causes rising sea levels Sign connection between one thing happening and we know something else is happening o X indicates Y o Example smoke indicates fire doctors Analogy o Treat X like we treat Y Generalization o Treat all X s like this X o Example we tasted one lemon and we know if we eat another lemon it will be sour NOT necessarily good arguments just how we make arguments More important when determining how an argument is NOT working They don t work until we back them up with a reason Authority o Always trust X o Usually a trusted figure in THAT FIELD Example Claim snickers is the best candy bar Grounds on principle because snickers makes me happy Grounds on causal because it satisfies hunger Grounds on sign snickers is the best because their sales are high o NOT good argument because it s sales just mean its popular not the best Grounds on analogy because opening it is like opening presents on Grounds on generalization because anything with chocolate and caramel Christmas is delicious o Not a good argument but the connection works Grounds on authority because Gordon Ramsey says so Common fallacies how arguments go wrong Bandwagon fallacy just because everyone else is doing something doesn t mean it is a good thing to do False cause you presume that a real imagined relationship between two things means that one is the cause of the other correlation is not causation Ad Hominem against the man making an argument that attacks the person instead of the argument they are trying to make o Relating a person to not only something they have done but to someone else they are associated with Red Herring comes from criminals distracting police with fish taking away Either or a claim that presents an artificially limited range of choices there from the actual argument is no intermediate o Either X or Y must occur o Denies the possibility that there is a 3rd option or that some elements of both X and Y might occur together o Rather than warning us what not to do it tells us what we have to do o The justification is not based on negative consequences based on the preference for one choice over another Scapegoating putting all the problems on one person or one group of people or when one person did something wrong and you blame the whole group for it o Example Holocaust Rash Generalization drawing conclusions about something based on a sample size that is not large enough or misleading Slippery Slope if a certain course of action is taken a number of events will necessarily follow o Example don t understand this fail college etc o Like Direct TV commercial o Problem we don t know the future