ORIGIN images 3 25 Notes 25 03 2014 08 49 00 See shapes colors when eyes are closed and you rub them stimulus chemical light pressure generates NERVE IMPULSE transmitted to the BRAIN brain iNTERPRETS impulse as taste vision sound depending on INPUT brain interprets all OPTIC nerve impulses as VISION so rubbing eyes what we call sight is in your BRAIN NOT YOUR EYES Adaptation brain modifies for theater ADAPTATION brain adapts to nerve signal intensity so a change in signal is noticed and it adapts to a lower light level Pressure senses adapt to the signal ex put underwear on and notice band then don t later Notice smell then don t because nerves make brain adapt to it Illusion brain tries to make sense of something misperception of external stimuli hallucination sensory perception in absence of external stimuli Nervous System nerves axons neurons etc neuron name of a nerve cell transmit nerve impulse each one has cytoplasm nucleus and axons Input main body output at the end of the axon Memory form new dendrite connections so build connections between those neurons iN YOUR BRAINNNN axons long extensions wires extensions axons surrounded by myelin like plastic wrap around a wire electrical insulation nerve bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissues 3 types of neurons 1 Sensory transmit nerve impulses from receptors to CNS 2 Interneurons connect within the CNS 3 Motor neurons transmit nerve impulses from CNS to effectors muscles Nerve process signal goes in sensory neurons inter neurons motor response motor that goes to a muscle and muscle responds neurotransmitters nerve impulses are transmitted across gaps b w neurons Nerves aren t long enough to go directly there it is a long CHAIN of MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICALS BECAUSE THEY CONTROL ALL OF YOUR Neurotransmitters by chemicals those FUNCTIONS Neurotrans Cycle NT a chemical synthesized in neuron then released by neuron b c a signal then cross synapse and bind to protein receptors on other cell then target cell responds to signal b c receptors are activated then REMOVE NT from synapse by taking it BACK TO NEURON and DEGRADE THROUGH ENZYMES synapse gap between 2 neurons Cymbalta Prozac drugs that increase norepinephrine and serotonin levels in synapses increase nerve transmission so stimulate the brain Depression fibromyalgia are fought through this Dopamine and drugs target the brain s pleasure center dopamine pathway activates brain reward pleasure center sex food music are rewarded by this pathway enjoy eating because stimulates dopamine release cocaine stimulates dopamine release but A LOT MORE dopamine primary NT of reward circuit regulate movement emotion pleasure feeling pleasure occurs Reinforces repetition of behavior after the signal is gone dopamine should be REMOVED Other Drugs with dopamine pathway cocaine bath salts speed BLOCKS the recycling of dopamine and removal from synapse so it lasts LONGER concentrated and stimulated longer ecstasy MDMA works on serotonin makes people more active perceptive and dopamine pathway so both levels really high Smoking with dopamine nicotine increases serotonin stops dopamine breakdown increases focus attention in the neropinephrine immediately stimulation goes away quickly so do it continuously smoking causes 1 3 all cancer deaths DIRECTLY Electronic cigs benefits don t breathe in the smoke tar other chimcals so don t need ash tray and wont burn holes and you don t smell of smoke and teeth don t stain heats a solution with nicotine into a vapor mimic s smoke nicotine ONLY delivery system so still get the high Acetylcholine a NT that when released and then blocked means block muscles nerve signals that would make your muscle normally move affects muscle contraction paralysis Botox botulism BLOCKS RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE blocks the nerve impulses going to muscles at such a low level that ONLY inhibits the muscles immediately in that vicinity stops muscles that would cause wrinkles need very very very little of toxic substance to paralyze a person GABA reduces nerve transmissions sedative makes you slow down calm down in drugs Xanax stimulates gaba receptors Alcohol increases dopamine BUT binds to GABA receptors so sleepiness and loss of coordination high levels Poisoning alters neuron membranes and NT receptors END NERVE TRANSMISSION if you combine alchol with Xanax it can lead to never waking up TOO MUCH SLEEPINESS SEDATION REDUCES GABA so NO calming effects on dopamine so increase dopamine Heroine that rush of pleasure Other Brain Notes loss of sensory perception in cerebrum most sensitive region lips mouth then thumb fingers and back being least sensitive senor levels in brain for signals from different body locations different amnts of sensitivity left and right brains overlap but DIFFERENT sensory responses two halves all regions are identified by people having had brain damage in that region before Limbic System connects cerebral lobes thinking part with amygdala and hippocampus internal part that stores emotions and memory inside the brain Connects feelings chemicals in brain with intellect and cognitive responses the part that is NON thinking but the CONTROL center hypothalamus secretes hormones in response to stimuli hippocampus directs memory formation thalamus relays sense info senses olfactory bulb responds to smells triggering memory and emotion external events trigger gut reponses THROUGH LIMBIC SYS amygdala emotional responses Emotion ACTION triggered by presence of internal external stimulus that activates neural systems 1 Stimulus triggers 2 Neural activity executes the program 3 Action perception of emotional action constitutes emotion feeling FEAR trigger sensed and signals amygdala then amyg Activates hypothal That directs hormone release like adrenaline heart rate up and posture change three types sensory under 1 sec short term less than one min Sensory Memory instant memory under one second brief glance short term memory under 1 minute chunk things together to make it easier groups of three rather than 12 at once long term memory stores info through structural brain changes of join groups of neurons ex join neurons in amyg To store an must form synapses between neurons to fix memory when those neural networks interact you link memories kids under 7 learn language through procedural implicit know how adults learn through declarative explicit know what memory Memory long term lifetime gone after 1 second neurons emotion memory bike ride memorize a test