General Psychology Notes Learning Chapter 5 Classical Conditioning Learning a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process resulting from practice or experience Change in behavior Relatively permanent Not plasticity Not maturation Classical Pavlovian Conditioning Associations between two stimuli Ex a song becomes related with your best friend red light becomes associated with stop Operant Conditioning Associations between a response and its consequences This is what happens after something has been done Action with consequence or outcome Ex result after something has been done Observational Learning Learning by watching others Ex Learned how to golf by watching a video of a golfer must be a demonstrator and an observer Classical Conditioning a learning process in which two stimuli become associated and cause a change in behavior Choose Two Stimuli Stimulus 1 neutral no response Stimulus 2 meaningful response Conditioning Procedure Stimulus 1 Stimulus 2 Stimulus 1 response Example Little Albert Experiment when he saw white rat he cries because he was classically conditioned to do so The loud noise became associated with the rat and he became afraid of the rat Ivan Pavlov Russian Physiologist that systematically studied how we form associations between stimuli classical conditioning Ivan s Two Stimuli Experiment Bell neutral no response Food Meaningful salivation Bell Food Result Bell Salivation Four things in Pavlov s Experiment Conditioned Stimulus Stimulus that starts out neutral Unconditioned Stimulus Meaningful Stimulus Unconditioned Response Innate response to meaningful stimulus Conditioned Response Learned response to previously neutral stimulus Example A rat is placed in a box A tone is played followed immediately by an electric shock The rat jumps and squeals in response to the electric shock The next day the rat is placed in the box and just the tone is played In response the rat freezes in fear What are the CS US UR and CR Answer CS Tone neutral meaningful US Electric shock meaningful stimulus UR Rat s jump and squeal CR Freeze in Fear Acquisition Phase Two things associated Extinction Process the response is extinct Spontaneous Recovery fear comes back not as much less and less Stimulus Generalization stimuli that are similar to the CS will also elicit the conditioned response to some degree Delayed Conditioning Tone played continuously shock on and off Trace Conditioning Tone played on then off shock played on then off Simultaneous Conditioning Tone and shock occur at the same time CS Whistle US Bird food UR Approach the food CR Approach when whistle is blown Classical Conditioning in Real Life Autoshaping Conditioned Fear Taste Aversion Learning Taste Acquisition Autoshaping as a result of CS US pairings subjects begin to treat the CS like they would the US Ex pigeons will peck at a key that has previously been paired with food key light food key light pecks at key Question Does autoshaping happen in people Answer To some extent yes Ex Money Fear Conditioning Ex Tone shock Tone freezing acquisition of fear to new stimuli Question Are we born with our fears or do we acquire them through experience Answer Innate reflexive responses to stimuli Learned feelings of fear to stimuli Phobias Irrational extreme fears Maybe we acquire them through classical conditioning experiences as well Get rid of a fear Expose yourself to the thing you re afraid of without anything bad happening Question If we acquire phobias through classical conditioning then how might we get rid of a phobia Answer Extinction training Systematic Desensitization Flooding Conditioned Taste Aversion learn to dislike particular taste when it has caused illness in the past Ex Curry taste illness Curry avoid Question Why does taste aversion learning occur so quickly and last for so long Answer We are more biologically prepared to make certain types of associations quickly and permanently Garcia Experiment Group 1 Taste of food pellets shock Group 2 Size of food pellets shock Group 3 Taste of food pellets illness Group 4 Size of food pellets illness We are more biologically prepared to make an internal sensation internal state association like taste and illness and an external sensation external state association like size and shock We are NOT biologically prepared to make internal sensation external state association or vice versa Conclusions Learning Operant Conditioning a learning process in which a behavior becomes associated with a consequence as a result the consequence influences he probability of that behavior occurring again in the future Operant Conditioning Appetitive Aversive Positive Reinforcement Get something that s good Negative Punishment Positive Punishment Get something that s bad Negative Reinforcement Get a Receive Not get Remove Edward L Thorndike Scientist that first demonstrated the power of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior Law of Effect If a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated If a behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend to be repeated Consequences serve to strengthen or weaken the S R connection Thorndike called this type of voluntary learning Instrumental conditioning Context Behavior Consequence Consequences serve to strengthen or weaken the box lever connection Box scratching Context Behavior Consequence Consequences serve to strengthen or weaken the box lever connection Box Push lever B F Skinner Extremely influential scientist associated with further defining operant conditioning and using it to modify and control behavior Behaviorism Behavior changes through rewards and punishments Can only know that which is directly observable No speculation about what is going on in the mind Context Behavior Consequence Types of Consequences Appetitive Good things such as food Aversive Bad things such as shock Context Behavior Consequence Types of Contingencies Positive Behavior leads to receiving the consequence Negative Behavior leads to the absence or removal of a consequence Context Behavior Consequence The nature of the consequence appetitive vs aversive and the nature of the contingency positive vs negative determine whether the response will be Reinforcement Punishment More likely to occur responding Less likely to occur responding Positive Reinforcement Reward training Examples Dog sits on command gets a treat Positive Reinforcement Touch the filing cabinet get a shock
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