Human Anatomy Physiology 1 Kinesiology 1223 Dr Thomas P Rooney Office Pearson 127 215 204 3925 thomas rooney temple edu test 1 9 15 gross and micro anatomy Lecture 1 Anatomy structure Physiology function o Things function the way they do because of their structure Structure determines function Function modifies structure Characteristics of Life 1 Boundaries membrane covering 2 Movement locomotion circulation transport nutrients 3 Responsiveness Irritability stimulus stress react 4 Digestion process nutrients release energy 5 Metabolism chemical reactions within the body 6 Excretion release waste filter blood 7 Reproduction produce offspring new cells bone marrow muscle skin 8 Growth increase in size Necessities of Life 1 Water 2 Food 3 Oxygen releases energy from foods 4 Body Temperature 5 Pressure Humans are highly organized Objective is to maintain an environment conductive to life Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Tissues organs and organ systems are all interrelated and interdependent Maintain a constant internal environment homeostasis o Claude Bernard stable internal environments are needed to maintain life regardless of external changes o Walter Cannon coined the term o Limited range around a set point o Detect change away from homeostatic state to determine medical diagnosis o CONTROL Receptor senses the change Negative feedback is the process of returning back to normal Integrator is the control center that responds Effector restores the body to homeostasis o Human Thermoregulation Overheating vessels dilate sweating begins Cold vessels constrict shivering occurs Lab 1 o Anatomical position body is upright facing forward arms and legs straight palms facing forward feet flat on the ground and eyes open o Directional Superior above Inferior below Ventral Anterior to the front Dorsal Posterior to the back Medial towards the midline Deep towards the core Proximal near the trunk Distal away from the trunk Lateral away from the midline Superficial towards the surface o Regions Thoracic chest Lumbar lower back Sacral posterior pelvis Cranial head Acromial shoulder Scapular scapula Axillary armpit Pectoral chest Brachial arm Carpal wrist Coxal hip Gluteal buttock Crural leg calf Calcaneal heel Tarsal ankle Femoral thigh Patellar front of knee Popliteal back of knee o Bone Landmarks Projections Process a general term for a projection from the surface of the bone ulna Tubercle a relatively small bump on a bone greater tubercle of humerus Tuberosity a relatively large rough area of a bone humerus Spine a short sharp projection vertebral spine Condyle an irregular smooth surface that articulates with another bone lateral condyle of femur Epicondyle a bump on a condyle medial epicondyle of humerus Head a hemispherical projection that articulates with another bone femur Neck a constriction below the head neck of rib Crest an elevated ridge of bone crest of ilium Line a smaller elevation than a crest gluteal line of ilium Facet a smooth flat surface articular facets of vertebrae Trochanter a large bump on femur Ramus a branch ramus of mandible o Bone Landmarks Depressions Holes Foramen a shallow hole foramen magnum of occipital bone Sinus a cavity maxillary sinus Meatus or canal a deep hole external auditory meatus of temporal bone Fossa a shallow depression in a bone iliac fossa Notch a deep cut out greater sciatic notch of ilium Groove or sulcus an elongated depression intertubercular groove of humerus Fissure a long deep cleft inferior orbital fissure Short equal in all dimensions Long longer than they are wide Flat compressed in one direction Irregular do not fit into other categories Sesamoid forms inside of a tendon for extra mobility o Bone Shapes o Body Planes Frontal Coronal anterior and posterior halves Transverse superior and inferior halves Midsagittal Sagittal right and left halves o Body Cavities o Skeleton Dorsal cranial and vertebral cavities Ventral thoracic diaphragm abdominalpelvic Axial skull hyoid bone vertebral column ribs sternum Appendicular pectoral girdle upper and lower extremities pelvic girdle Lecture 2 o o Negative feedback loop Feedback input of instruction based on output information homeostatic regulation Abnormal values trigger mechanism that return system to normal values diminish original stimulus Keeps variable close to set point ex increased body temperature o Positive feedback loop balance Self amplifying cycle Change leads to continued movement in same direction drives system out of Response enhances original stimulus outcome Normal way of producing rapid changes during childbirth blood clotting protein digestion and generation of nerve signals o Stress any stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment to disturb homeostasis internally and externally Ipsilateral same side o o Contralateral opposite side o Cranial toward the head o Caudal towards the tail o Visceral inner part o o ALWAYS ASSUME ANATOMICAL POSITION o Aerobic exercise strengthens neruo connections between nerves within the brain o Chemical reactions making and breaking of bonds atoms and molecules collide collision force is large enough to overcome electrical repulsion between electrons anabolism or synthesis energy required to build larger molecule Parietal pertaining to the walls of a cavity o A B AB o o catabolism or decomposition energy released ex digestion break down AB A B exchange displacement catabolism then anabolism AB CD ABCD AC BD o Body chemistry 65 O 18 5 C 9 5 H 3 2 N 1 5 Ca 1 P 4 K 9 o o trace elements Ions carry a charge unequal protons and electrons Ionization transfer of electrons from one atom to another increase stability of valence shell o Anion gained electrons negative charge o Cation lost an electron positive charge o Opposite charges attract o Oxidation Reduction reactions Oxidation o molecule releases electrons and energy energy decrease o electron donor reducing agents often in the form of hydrogen atoms o Reduction o addition of electrons energy to a molecule reduced molecule known as electron acceptor or oxidizing agent o o Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent accepts electrons rust oxidation of iron to for iron oxide In cells 1 substance oxidized and the other reduced o Metabolism sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body catabolism energy releasing exergonic decomposition reactions breaks covalent bonds produces smaller molecules releases useful energy anabolism energy strong endergonic