organic molecule any molecule that contains a carbon to hydrogen covalent bond DNA fat glucose etc 2 connected with covalent bonds 1 contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and often contain O N P or S 3 Organic molecules are modular monomers linked together to make polymer 4 produced by living cells and found in large amounts only in living things or in their remains Functional groups are part of organic molecules that have specific properties and functions organic molecules may contain more than one type of functional group a particular molecule may have multiple properties Carbon covalent bonds single carbon atom can bond with 4 other atoms Biological Macromolecules carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids and lipids Non polar functional groups hydrophobic only contain carbon and hydrogen lack electronegative atoms insoluble acids Charged Functional Groups lose H ion and become charged or neutral Carbohydrates organic molecules with C H and O in a 1 2 1 ratio store energy breaks down into sugars cellulose complex carb covalent bonds Monosaccharides simplest sugars glucose Starch branching polysaccharide individual glucose molecules that can be used to built ATP can be broken down into glucose Dietary Fiber indigestible carbohydrates digestive functioning slowing absorption of sugar into bloodstream reduces bad cholesterol Lipids diverse group of macromolecules united by their hydrophobic non polar nature Fats Disaccharides made of two monosaccharides linked together by covalent bond glucose fructose table sugar energy captured to make ATP which can then be used to power cellular processes Glycogen excess glucose molecules linked together to make a long branching polysaccharide cellulose is a polysaccharide that is made up of many glucose monosaccharides linked together provides support in plant cell walls steroids like cholesterol provides structure to membranes and regular developmental metabolic and energy processes and used by some animals as used to store energy for later use structural support and cushioning for animals phospholipids provide structure to cell membrane long distance messengers waxes form protective layers on plants and animals that repel water fatty acids usually 16 22 carbons long but range from 4 36 per gram fats contain twice as much energy as carbs carbon carbon bonds are single bonds and each carbon is bonded to two or three H atoms each C is saturated with H saturated fats linear shape 3 fatty acid tails unsaturated fats less H kinked structure fatty acid tail tail hydrophobic 1 3 double bonds along C backbone phospholipid contains only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol which is bound to a P group lipoproteins carrier that transports cholesterol around the body to cells that need it P group negative charge hydrophilic TO the cells low density lipoproteins TO the LIVER high density lipoprotein