14 Chapter 10 what is developmental psychology life long processes of change physical cognitive moral emotional and social development prenatal development states 1 germinal stage 2 week period of prenatal development starting at conception zygote the fertilized egg 2 embryonic stage period of prenatal development that lasts from weeks 2 8 3 fetal stage the period of prenatal development that lasts from week 9 until birth fetus the brain is continuing to grow myelination occurs at birth its only about 25 the size of its adult self prenatal environment teratogens agents that damage the process of development such as drugs and viruses alcohol smoking cocaine and heroin learning in the womb evidence supports there is some learning that takes place during the fetal stage 9 weeks and on can hear low frequency sounds heartbeat and digestive noises from the mother mothers voice motor development the emergence of the ability to execute physical action re exes speci c patterns of motor response that are triggered by speci c sensory information cephalocaudal rule head trunk arms legs proximodistal rule trunk elbows knees hands feet perceptual development functional at birth depth perception visual cliff Gibson infants show spontaneous looking preferences infants avoid the deep side as soon as they can crawl motion based depth cues taste and smell are most highly developed senses at birth cognitive development the emergence of the ability to understand the world Jean Piaget 1896 1980 the father of modern developmental psychology proposed 4 stages of cognitive development 1 sensorimotor 2 preoperational 3 concrete operational 4 formal operational order of these is important 1 sensorimotor understand the world through senses and their ability to move develop object permanence realize objects continue to exist even if they can t see it develop assimilation process by which infants will t new objects events into an existing schema develop accommodation modify an existing schema to create a new schema 2 pre operational the child acquires motor skills but does not understand the conservation of physical properties centration child focuses only on one feature of an object to identify it not related to them egocentrism child has an inability to perceive things 3 concrete operational the child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties conservation ability to recognize objects can be transformed but still be the same thing 4 formal operational the child can think logically and do abstract and hypothetical reasoning childhood ends when formal operations begin social development humans cannot survive without caregivers attachment the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers Harlow s attachment study 2 surrogate mothers a wire surrogate that fed the infant a cloth surrogate that did not feed the infant results infant monkeys attached to the cloth surrogate becoming attached stranger anxiety distress children experience when they are exposed to people who are unfamiliar to them separation anxiety distress fear response when children are separated from their primary caregiver Mary Ainsworth s View strange situation a behavioral test designed to determine a child s attachment style 4 attachment styles american infants secure 60 infants use caretaker as a secure base avoident 20 infants are not attached at all ambivalent 15 infants rst seek and then avoid caretaker tend to be most emotional children disorganized 5 infants show confused contradictory behaviors parenting styles Baumrind 1967 1 authoritarian high levels of control low levels of affection affection 2 authoritative moderate levels of control and 3 permissive moderate levels of affection but low levels of control 4 uninvolved low levels of control and affection peer in uence peers give feedback on social behavior provide an objective standard for self comparison teach social skills no information on adolescence and adulthood on exam what is developmental psychology life long processes of change physical cognitive moral emotional and social development prenatal development states 1 germinal stage 2 week period of prenatal development starting at conception zygote the fertilized egg 2 embryonic stage period of prenatal development that lasts from 3 fetal stage the period of prenatal development that lasts from weeks 2 8 week 9 until birth fetus the brain is continuing to grow myelination occurs at birth its only about 25 the size of its adult self prenatal environment teratogens agents that damage the process of development such as drugs and viruses alcohol smoking cocaine and heroin learning in the womb evidence supports there is some learning that takes place during the fetal stage 9 weeks and on can hear low frequency sounds heartbeat and digestive noises from the mother mothers voice motor development the emergence of the ability to execute physical action re exes speci c patterns of motor response that are triggered by speci c sensory information cephalocaudal rule head trunk arms legs proximodistal rule trunk elbows knees hands feet perceptual development functional at birth infants show spontaneous looking preferences depth perception visual cliff Gibson infants avoid the deep side as soon as they can crawl motion based depth cues taste and smell are most highly developed senses at birth cognitive development the emergence of the ability to understand the world Jean Piaget 1896 1980 the father of modern developmental psychology proposed 4 stages of cognitive development 1 sensorimotor 2 preoperational 3 concrete operational 4 formal operational order of these is important 1 sensorimotor understand the world through senses and their ability to move develop object permanence realize objects continue to exist even if they can t see it develop assimilation process by which infants will t new objects events into an existing schema develop accommodation modify an existing schema to create a new schema 2 pre operational the child acquires motor skills but does not understand the conservation of physical properties centration child focuses only on one feature of an object to identify it egocentrism child has an inability to perceive things not related to them 3 concrete operational the child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties conservation ability to recognize objects can be
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