History Lecture 11 5 2013 The Second Great Awakening and Reform Movements Key Terms Second Great Awakening William Lloyd Garrison American Colonization Society Oneida Community The Second Great Awakening 1800 1840 A Christian revival movement Led to a proliferation of new churches And a dramatic increase in church membership nationwide Peaked in the 1820s and 1830s Similar to the First Great Awakening in that outdoor fiery preaching was performed Appealed to individuals on personal and emotional level 1801 Cambridge KY revival had 20 000 people Many first hand accounts Religiosity in America Series 1 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1600 1660 1740 1790 1840 Religion on the Frontier Churches provided a community for new settlers New organization techniques to reach the frontier o Itinerant traveling preachers o Lay preachers Preachers who hadn t been educated to be preachers but felt moved and compelled to spread the word of God Congregations established quickly during this westward movement By the 1840s individuals who were not part of a congregation were distrusted Abraham Lincoln Born in Kentucky on 1809 and moved to Indiana in 1816 and Illinois in 1830 o His family was a part of the westward movement and his life is representative of many other Americans of the time Elected to the Illinois General Assembly in 1834 as a Whig Ran for Congress in 1843 and lost o When he lost Lincoln attributed his loss to the fact that he was not a member of a church Changes wrought by the Second Great Awakening New perspective on salvation Afforded white women greater public roles than ever before within Christian churches Helped to spur reform movements Second Great Awakening First Great Awakening African Americans and the Second Great Awakening Waves of conversions within communities of slaves and free blacks By 1816 the first independent black Christian denomination was founded Encouraged many black and white to reconsider the morality of slavery 1820 1840 The Era of Reform Reform movements were a response to o The Second Great Awakening o The Market Revolution Major reform efforts in this period o Temperance o Abolition movement o Women s rights Why temperance o Factory dangers Appealed to new evangelical reformers o Sin was an individual act o Drinking was considered a choice Temperance Movement The disruptions caused by the market revolution led to an increase in alcohol consumption and public drunkenness o 3x as much alcohol as what is consumed today o Public drunkenness arises with poverty Alcohol consumption was an impediment to new modes of work American Temperance Society ATS founded in 1826 By the late 1820s thousands of others soon emerged Most advocates were middle class and motivated by religion How successful were they initially By 1835 the ATS claimed 1 5 million members o Another 2 million Americans had renounced the use of distilled liquor Per capita alcohol consumption had dropped by half in the 1830s Abolitionism Very few Americans opposed slavery prior to the 1820s However several things changed in the 1820s and 1830s o Slavery in the North had been virtually eliminated o Throughout the Atlantic World nations were abolishing slavery Also in the south as a result of Spain abolishing slavery o The Second Great Awakening Questioned the morality of slavery American Colonization Society Founded in 1816 Their mission was to promote the voluntary manumission freeing of slaves by their owners They wanted to remove free blacks from the United States o Deportation to Africa o Founded the colony of Liberia Most members were slave owners from the upper south o James Madison James Monroe They felt that slavery was evil but they also felt free blacks couldn t exist as equals in the US They wished for total removal of blacks from America Not every abolitionist group was supportive of black civil rights William Lloyd Garrison Abolitionist who founded The Liberator a newspaper in 1831 He called for forced immediate slave freedom In 1833 he formed the American Anti Slavery Society o Very Radical Articulated slavery as a moral issue not an economic issue Significant because he believed African Americans could be equal to whites which was vastly different from the American Colonization Society o If given the same opportunities and education as whites blacks could soon become equal to whites Utopian Communities Oneida Community 1848 Communities formed in early and mid 19th centuries as a result of how America changed as a result of the industrialization of American society the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred thus allowing for utopia on Millenarianism Community formed in Oneida NY Religious idea behind community Earth Lead by John Humphrey Noyles his idea of a perfect community Communal living Complex marriages o If you married prior to entering the community then the marriage was dissolved upon entry and they were then married to every adult in the community Sig because they are an example of the Utopian communities o Response to the Second Great Awakening o A solution to the negative ways in which society was changing Shakers Conclusion Another utopian community Complete equality among sexes Celibate The reform movements and utopian societies of the 1820s 1840s were a response to o The Second Great Awakening o And the ways in which society had changed due to the market revolution